Ernst Haeckel: Biography, basa nesayenzi. Haeckel mupiro kuna zvipenyu

Pakuramba hwake kuti kudzidza zvakasikwa, Ernst Gekkel akaita zvakawanda zvakawanwa uye akaita mupiro mukuru nesayenzi. More mashoko mabasa kwesayenzi pamusoro musayendisiti kuwana gare gare munyaya ino.

Ernst Haeckel: Biography

muzivi wokuGermany uye zvakasikwa Ernst Haeckel akaberekwa Potsdam muna 1834. Ndapedza chikoro chesekondari muna Mezerburge iye akadzidza mushonga uye sayenzi zvakasikwa muBerlin, Yunivhesiti Würzburg. Ph.D. mu zvemhuka paUniversity Jena. Muna 1858, akagamuchira ake zvokurapa dhigirii.

Ernst Haeckel akaratidza kufarira hunoshamisa nemaziso anatomi uye zvidzidzo zvemhuka. Muna 1859, akatuma pakundopambara kuItari, apo akadzidza plankton, sechipanji, honye, inovhura itsva siyana radiolarians. Pavakadzoka musayendisiti iye anobata nzvimbo Professor uye Sangana muzvinafundo Jena University uye anodzidzisa okufananidza anatomi.

Kubvira 1863, kushingaira munzanga uye zvesayenzi mabasa. Anotaura pamusoro yaDarwin, kuregedza mabasa avo akadhindwa, kuronga zvesayenzi pfungwa. Pakupera ari XIX remakore, muongorori mberi pakundopambara kuIjipiti, Algeria, pachitsuwa Madeira, uye kuCeylon. Gare gare, akaenda kuSiriya, Corsica, Tenerife, Norway, Gibraltar uye dzimwe nzvimbo, kudzidza mhuka dzavo uye kuita yokunyora nokudhirowa.

Muna 1867, Ernst Haeckel anoroora Agnes Huschke. Vane mwanakomana, Walter, mwanasikana Emma uye Elizabeth. mudzimai afa muna 1915 sei zvikuru utano uye kugara zvakanaka musayendisiti. Akafa muGermany August 9, 1919.

Research uye Publications

Kuwana dhipuroma of chiremba haana kukanganisa nyanzvi basa musayendisiti. Munzira dzakawanda, ayo yokutsvakurudza uye maonero rinoitei kutaurirana Charles Darwin. Books Ernst Haeckel anotanga kuparidza 1866. basa rake rokutanga anonzi "General Morphology ezvinhu zvipenyu." Kwapera nguva, bhuku "The Natural History of Creation", apo akaratidza rutsigiro dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka.

Muna 1866, yaanoumba nani shanduro biogenetic mutemo, akagadzira makore mashoma adarika. Panyaya iyi, Ernst Haeckel gastraea anovaka dzidziso kuti inotsanangura kwakabva zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvipenyu kubva chete-celled zvinenge. Nokuda kwaizvozvo, Haeckel akazivikanwa mu madenderedzwa zvesayenzi.

Muna 1874 akabudisa bhuku "anthropogenic, kana nhoroondo okukura yevanhu," umo iye expounds dzidziso dzake zvinotevera nhume kuvapo pakati nemaape uye murume.

Panguva pakundopambara mu Africa uye Asia, akanyora mabasa ari muramba, zvakadzika-gungwa hove, radiolarians, uye ipapo vakazvipira kutsvakurudzawo zvipenyu izvi bhuku "enderana Phylogeny". Total Ernst Haeckel akanyora anenge 26 mabasa, vamwe vavo akashandurirwa Russian.

General Morphology kuti zvinenge

Chimwe chirango, kukura iyo akaita rakakura Ernst Haeckel - ikoroji. Mubhuku rake rekutanga "General Morphology rezvinhu zvipenyu," musayendisiti theorizes nezvokudiwa kusarudza sechinhu zvipenyu kuranga unoparadzanisa. Maererano naye, kuoma dzinotsanagura nekuita pakati Muviri mupenyu uye ukama hwavo naye kwezvakatipoteredza anofanira kuva nyaya yokudzidza sayenzi inonzi ikoroji.

Ernst Haeckel aidavira kuti huru basa chirango ichi kudzidza Organic uye inorganic ezvinhu zvemhoteredzo, vane kuchinja zvipenyu. By inorganic hunhu musayendisiti ainzwisisa okunze zvinhu zvakadai sechiedza, mumhepo magetsi, mwando, kupisa, uye Zvinoumba ivhu uye mvura. Organic Haeckel inosanganisira mhando dzose ukama pakati zvipenyu.

biogenetic mutemo

Rakafuridzirwa shanduka dzidziso, Haeckel akagadzira mutemo, rinonziwo mutemo Haeckel-Müller. Zvinonzi inobva kubvuma kuti panguva kukura wacho muviri anodzokorora vanoumba huru nzendo kwayo shanduka. Ndiko, vachichengeta kukura embryo, tinogona kuronda kwomuzvarirwo inotungamirwa rwayo.

Kokutanga kwakadaro pfungwa kuisa mberi Charlz Darvin ari Bhuku "The Origin of Species", asi harina zvakajeka chaizvo akaratidza. 1864 Fritz Muller mubhuku rake rinonzi "Darwin" anoti nhoroondo kukura zvinoratidzwa mhando kukura wacho. Makore maviri gare gare, Haeckel kwakavakirwa pachavo kutsvakurudza akapa Pfungwa zvakajeka pfungwa idzi inonzi biogenetic mutemo.

Mutemo inowanzoshandiswa sezvo uchapupu yaDarwin, kunyange zvazvo panguva ino varipo vazhinji chokwadi kuti asingatsigiri ukoshi hwayo. Somuenzaniso, mukutanga zvokukura vertebrate kukura hakusi chete. Kufanana vakachengeta chete papera nzendo.

dzidziso gastraea

On hwaro biogenetic mutemo Ernst Haeckel anosika dzidziso inotsanangura kwakabva zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvipenyu kubva unicellular. Maererano naye, chokutanga chisikwa zvipuka zvine masero akawanda akanga zvakafanana nemashoko gastrula - embryo chimiro, zvinosanganisira marongera masero wokunze uye yomukati.

Maererano dzidziso, ane unicellular muviri akatanga nekupesana kwakadaro kuti mwanasikana masero vasina kupararira uye dzinoumba sumbu. Gare gare vakatanga zvakasiyana chadzo uye anatomical zvinhu - imwe kukonzera racho, vamwe kuti kugaya. Saka, maererano Haeckel pfungwa rakaumbwa zvipuka zvine masero akawanda, rave zita gastraea. Akayeuchidza wokutanga coelenterates mhuka.

mhedziso

Muupenyu hwake, Ernst Haeckel akabudisa vakawanda mabasa chakaunzwa sainzi okuti ikoroji, Pithecanthropus, ontogeny uye phylogeny. Exploring Marine mhuka nzendo, akaona anopfuura zana mhando radiolarians. Haeckel aiva pakati wokutanga zoologists muGermany, akabatana yaDarwin. Kutsigira nedzidziso yemhindumupindu muzvidzidzo zvake, aiedza kuona muumambo mhuka ezvinhu, akagadzira mashoko biogenetic mutemo uye dzidziso kwakabva zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvipenyu.