Chii mudunhu uye chii chirongwa inotungamirwa ematunhu?

Parizvino, vanhu vashoma chaizvo kutaura kuti mudunhu iri sezvo miganhu weboka nyika rinoitwa zvakasiyana. Fani iyi zvinoreva nguva Russian Empire, USSR uye RSFSR.

Enyika vaiona soro vamapoka administrative uye miganhu weboka mamiriro. Vakanga wakabudiswa kubva 1708 kusvika 1929 pamusana pakuvaka absolutist wehurumende. Izvi miganhu dzakabatana dziri rinotungamirirwa magavhuna.

Kududzirwa rokuti

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo kuti dunhu, tava kuenda Mabviro ezwi shoko. Shoko rokuti "dunhu" rinobva muchiLatin shoko "GuBeRnAtoR", iro rinoreva "mutongi." Twenty namapfumbamwe December 1708 naPetro Mukuru chirevo pamusoro weboka hurumende kupinda itsva administrative dzakabatana - enyika. Kusvikira gore rino, Russian Empire raiva 166 mumaruwa. Saka, mapurovhinzi 8 yakaumbwa.

Isu kare akatsanangura kumusoro, chii anoita shoko "dunhu". Next, isu funga mubvunzo nhoroondo yacho chidzoke vezvikwata matsva miganhu-administrative zvizere.

The kuchinja Peter rokutanga

Gadzira enyika kwakaitika maererano chirevo chamambo. The kwokutanga mutsetse-up yakanga sezvinotevera:

1. Moscow dunhu: mundima Moscow nharaunda nhasi, makuru mativi Tula, Vladimir, Kaluga, Kostroma, Ivanovo uye Ryazan kumatunhu.
2. Ingrian dunhu (makore maviri gare gare zita St. Petersburg). Raisanganisira ano Leningrad, Novgorod, Tver, muPskov, Arkhangelsk zasi, kumadokero Vologda, Yaroslavl kumatunhu uye yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia.
3. Archangelgorod Governorate, yaisanganisira Arkhangelsk, Murom, Vologda nharaunda, chikamu Kostroma, yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia uye Komi.
4. Sechikamu weruwa Kiev - Little Russia, nhonga Belgorod uye Sevsk, chikamu Orel, Belgorod, Bryansk, Tula, Kaluga, Kursk kumatunhu.
5. Smolensk Province zvaisanganisira, Smolensk nharaunda ano chikamu Bryansk, Tverskoj, Kaluga uye Tula kumatunhu.
6. Kazan dunhu - the Volga uye Bashkortostan, asi Volga-Vyatka, chikamu Tambov, Penza, Perm, Ivanovo uye Kostroma kumatunhu, kuchamhembe chikamu Dagestan uye Kalmykia.
7. Azovskaya unotora mugove Tula, Orlovskaya, Ryazan, Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh zvose, Rostov, Tambov, chikamu Kharkov, Lugano, Donetsk uye Penza kumatunhu.
8. Sechikamu kuSiberia enyika - kuSiberia, vakawanda Urals, Kirov nharaunda uye chikamu Republic of Komi.

Chii kunakidza, pakazopera 1719 kwaiva enyika gumi. Izvi zvakaitika nokuti kuti pakanga hwakaonekwa Nizhny Novgorod, Astrakhan uye Riga Province. At musoro miganhu chikwata aiva gavhuna, uye mugove mumwe nomumwe enyika vakananga Landrat.

The administrative weboka wechipiri enyika (wechipiri kuchinja Petra Velikogo)

The nadzurudzo rechipiri kwakaitika muna 1719, 29 May. In vadzore mudunhu yakakamurwa kuva matunhu inotungamirirwa warlord uye enyika, akavapindurawo, vanokamurwa kupinda mumatunhu pamachinda munyika mumiririri. Saka, Yakaumbwa 47 mumatunhu anoumba 9 enyika, pamwe kunze Reval (zvino Tallinn) uye Astrakhan (havana muzvikamu). In zvinyorwa nguva hunonyatsodonongodza kudunhu ripi, uye chii masimba nayo hwakapiwa.

Wechitatu administrative zvinhu

Chii vaiva mudunhu pane musi gare gare? Panguva wechitatu administrative kuchinja akabvisa mumatunhu uye mumaruwa vakapinda zvakare. Zvakaguma 250 mumaruwa 14 enyika. Akaumba Belgorod uye Novgorod enyika, mumaruwa vakatanga kutungamirira yoruwa vatungamiriri kwamachinda.

Kunyange zvakadaro, dzomunyika kwamachinda vakaremerwa simba roumambo, kuti anzwe sokuti vanatenzi venyika. The administrative chivako chaiva yakatsiga kwenguva refu, uye kana chikwata chitsva achivonekwa, nokuda kuzviwanira ndima. Pakapera October 1775 sezvo chikamu Russian wehurumende akanga 23 enyika, 62 enyika, 276 mumaruwa.

Catherine ari Reform Great

Chirevo Catherine 7 November 1775 inoti kuti zvakakosha kuitisa administrative tumisoro ari mamiriro. Gadzira mapurovhinzi akamira, uye nhamba yavo vapiswa, mudunhu akabvisa vakashandura musimboti rokuumba maruwa. Chinonyanya kukosha ndezvokuti County kunofanira 20-30 zviuru vanhu, uye mudunhu -. About 300-400 zviuru.

Ndicho chinangwa kuchinja wakange kusimbisa simba pashure nechisimba Emelyana Pugacheva. Magavhuna uye vabati pasi muchuchisi wacho kutarisira, inotungamirirwa ari Attorney-General uye Seneti.

Panozopera Catherine II rokutonga sechikamu Russia akava 48 governorships, 2 enyika, 1 nharaunda uye Residence Don Cossacks. The Gavhuna-General akagadzwa Empress, mumaruwa vakanga kudzorwa vakuru-mupurisa. Kusvikira 1796 pakusikwa governorships chitsva kwakakonzerwa accession maererano nenharaunda.

hausisiri mubvunzo kwakamuka pakati paruzhinji kuti dunhu kwakadaro, uye iro rakanga zvakasikwa. The kwaita administrative dzakabatana itsva akaramba rakapotsa kuzviona.

Paul nadzurudzo Ini uye Alexander I

Education mapurovhinzi paitonga Paul I kwakaitika somugumisiro kutsiva mazita yaiona dzakabatana. The zvinhu muna 1776, paiva kusangana: gavhuna pamutemo akava enyika, nzvimbo, apo paiva mukana wokuti kwebope kana wavatorwa kurwisa, akaramba pasi magavhuna-mukuru.

Driving Control mapurovhinzi yaitonga Alexander handina kuchinja, asi munguva kubvira 1801 kusvika 1802 makore chabvisa ndima rakadzorerwa.

Funga zvakanga mudunhu panguva iyi. Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa weboka miganhu dzakabatana kupinda 2 mapoka: mune European chikamu Russia ndiyo obschegubernskaya sangano (zvinosanganisira - 51 dunhu), iri kumucheto kuongororwa maitiro Generalgouvernement (chete 3 enyika). Mune dzimwe nzvimbo - Kuban, Ural, Transbaikal, Don Mauto, Terek - magavhuna vose ataman Cossack mauto. Muna 1816 makanga 12 governorships, ane chikamu 3-5 enyika.

Kubva mudunhu kusvika nzvimbo

By kuguma XIX remakore yakabereka 20 nzvimbo - administrative dzakabatana zvakafanana enyika. Shoko "nharaunda" vakasiyana mhiri kwemakungwa "dunhu" wechokwadi necheSalvic akwegura uye rinoreva "tiine" (uridzi).

Area yaiva munzvimbo inoganhurana dzimwe nyika, havana vaiva Duma wavo uye vakanga kukanganisika nezvimwe mitemo magavhuna muchiuto zvaiva chikamu Government-General. It huve nyore kuti midziyo vomunharaunda hurumende ikawanda kuzviisa pachake kuna gavhuna.

Wokutanga gavhuna muRussia - AD Menshikov - kuyananisira yebazi 1703

Administrative mudonzvo sezvo ra1914

Kusvikira mukutanga ramakumi remakore ari amachinda hurumende chikwata dzematunhu rave kushanda. Kubva 1907 kusvika 1910, panguva Stolypin kwakachena, izvozvo akatanga Council of United kwamachinda.

Hurumende zvokungoitawo akachengeta amachinda kupesana, vaifanira kutungamirira amachinda vezviitiko, uye mumaruwa - County. Parallel izvi, negadziriro neSoviet kuumbwa zvinopesana dikidiki Government.

The Soviet kumwedzi

The kutanga dzematunhu kupesana akaramba imwe nguva pashure yechimurenga October 1917, asi rakavambwa Provincial Executive Committee. Dare iri Executive anosarudzwa pamusoro amachinda Congress of vokuSoviet.

Pakazopera 1918 sezvo chikamu mamiriro paiva 78 enyika, uye munguva kusvikira 1920. 25 vavo vakabatana Finland, Poland uye kuBaltic States. Kubva 1920 kusvika 1923. munyika mundima RSFSR paiva zvionera dzakabatana itsva - vakaumba dunhu itsva ose gore.

Zvinoumba aigara achichinjwawo, asi sezvo pamusana kuchinja enyika kubudikidza 1929 zvachose vakanyangarika, paiva kumatunhu uye nenharaunda, uye ivowo, yaisanganisira ruwa, dunhu, musha makanzuru, kuti tichengete nhasi.

In mhedziso

Munyaya ino isu zvawanyora chii dunhu vaiva munharaunda Russia. Uyezve, isu akaongorora kiyi Dzidziso uye nhoroondo chidzoke dzakasiyana administrative-miganhu dzakabatana.