Hondo yevagari muna China: hunokonzera, zvabuda

Chinese yehondo yevagari pakati Communist Party uye Kuomintang akava mumwe wakarebesa uye kiyi nemauto anoitika XX remakore. CCP kukunda kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti guru Asian nyika vakatanga kuvaka gutsaruzhinji.

Background nokuverenga nguva

The reropa hondo yevagari mu China rakazungunusa nyika kuti kota remakore. Kurwisana Kuomintang uye Communist Party akatakura Pfungwa hunhu. Chimwe chikamu vokuChina waitsigira pokugadzwa nevanhu National zvokuvhoterwa, apo mumwe vaida gutsaruzhinji. VaKomonisiti dzaiwanika muenzaniso wakajeka kutevera pamberi Soviet Union. kukunda of yechimurenga Russia yava akafuridzirwa vatsigiri vakawanda vakasiya-bapiro enyika maonero.

hondo yevagari mu China unogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zviviri. Wokutanga akasvika muna 1926-1937 biennium. Zvino kuregawo chokuita kuti vaKomonisiti uye Kuomintang akatobatana mukurwisa vokuJapan kurwisa. Nokukurumidza uto nechisimba munyika kumabvazuva mu China wava chinokosha pamusoro Second World War. Mushure Japanese militarists vakakundwa, yevagari kunetsana vakatangazve China. Danho rechipiri kudeurwa kweropa kwakaitika muna 1946-1950 ,.

Northern rwendo

Isati yatanga yevagari China, nyika yakakamurwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzakasiyana. Rakanga chokuita kuwa poumambo, chakaitika pakutanga ari XX remakore. Pashure paizvozvo, vasina kuroora uye haana yakatanga. Kuwedzera KMT uye vaKomonisiti pane simba wechitatu - Beiyang Army. hurumende iyi yakanga yakavakirwa vaimbova vemauto ose Qing youmambo hondo.

Muna 1926, ivo KMT mutungamiri Chan Kayshi yakatanga hondo kwavatungamiriri vakuru vehondo. Akaronga Northern rwendo. In muchiuto ichi chirongwa, maererano nokufungidzira siyana akanga akapindwa nemasoja vanenge zviuru 250. Kai-shek uye vaKomonisiti vaitsigira. Mauto maviri izvi zvikuru kuti aumbe mubatanidzwa of National Revolutionary Army (NRA). Northern rwendo raitsigirwa ne USSR. The NRA akasvika Russian nyanzvi muchiuto, uye hurumende yeSoviet dzakapa uto ndege uye nezvombo. Muna 1928, kwavatungamiriri vakuru vehondo vakakundwa uye nyika yakanga yakabatana pasi pokutonga KMT.

mukana

kuNorthern rwendo isati yapera pakati Kuomintang uye vaKomonisiti, paradzanisa, nokuti iro rakatanga kutevera hondo yevagari China. March 21, 1937 National Revolutionary Army akatora Shanghai. Panguva iyi kusiyana vatsigiri akatanga kuonekwa.

Chan Kayshi haana kuvimba vaKomonisiti uye vakapinda kubatana navo chete nekuti haana kuda kuva nhamba vavengi sezvo akakurumbira bato. Zvino ari anenge dzibatane nyika uye zvinoita kuti aikwanisa kuita pasina vatsigire Left. Mukuwedzera, musoro Kuomintang aitya kuti CCP (Chinese Communist Party) kubvuta simba munyika. Saka akasarudza kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo emptive ranwa.

Chinese Civil War 1927-1937 gg. Zvakatanga pashure hurumende Kuomintang akabata vaKomonisiti kusungwa uye vakaparadza masero dzavo mumaguta kupfuura nyika. Leftists akatanga kukunda. Muna April 1927, akachimedura chikuru kumukira pakati vaKomonisiti ari vachangobva vasunungurwa kubva kwavatungamiriri vakuru vehondo Shanghai. Nhasi mu China zviitiko raireva wazvakaitika uye pakaunda-echimurenga kubvuta masimba. Somugumisiro ari kupamba, vatungamiriri vakawanda CCP akanga aurayiwa kana tasungwa. Bato pachivande.

macha Long

In padariro rokutanga Chinese Civil War 1927-1937 gg. kumiririrwa vakapararira musazonetsanazve mativi. Muna 1931, vaKomonisiti akamisa yavo mufananidzo mamiriro pamusoro mundima pasi pavo. Rakanzi Chinese Soviet Republic. akatangirwa uku China harina kugamuchira nedzenyu pamutemo vomunyika dzakawanda. Vakomonisiti raiva guta guru Ruijin. Vakamisa pachavo kunyanya kumaodzanyemba dziri nyika. Kwemakore anoverengeka, Chan Kayshi akatanga ina kuri nzendo pamusoro Soviet Republic. Vose unonyangadzwa.

Muna 1934, akaronga wechishanu pamushandirapamwe. VaKomonisiti vakaziva kuti simba ravo hazvikwani kuti kuratidza mumwe yakarova Kuomintang. Ipapo bato akatora chisarudzo tisingatarisiri kutumira mauto avo ose kuchamhembe kwenyika. Izvi zvakaitwa pasi chokumupomera zvokurwisana vokuJapan panguva dzinodzorwa muManchuria uye kutyisidzirwa yose China. Mukuwedzera, muna kuchamhembe PDA vakanga vachitarisira kuwana rubatsiro kubva ideologically pedyo Soviet Union.

The Long March akaenda kuhondo kukura 80 zviuru vanhu. Mumwe vatungamiriri ayo aiva Mao Tszedun. Kubudirira zvakaoma kushanda akamuitira kurwa kuti simba iri rose Party. Akazonyora ari Hardware kutamburira ndeyokubvisa pavavengi venyu uye kuve sachigaro Central Committee. Asi muna 1934 ndiye chete wehondo.

Serious chipingamupinyi uto CCP akanga ari mukuru the yangtze River. On dzarwo, kuti KMT hondo akasika zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda. nguva vaKomonisiti zvina remuSamoa akaedza kuyambuka mhiri. Panguva yokupedzisira, ramangwana China Liu Bocheng Marshal akakwanisa kuronga kuchinja kwehondo yose kuburikidza chete zambuko.

Nokukurumidza mauto akatanga kupopotedzana. Two mukuru (Zedong, uye Jong-Gata) nharo kutungamiririra. Mao vakasimbirira kudiwa achifambirana kuchamhembe. mupikisi wake aida kugara Sichuan. Somugumisiro, pamberi uto rakabatana rikakamurwa mbiru mbiri. Long March apedza chete chikamu vakaenda Mao Zedong. Zhang Gata chete mukuru asiya kuti Kuomintang. Pashure mukukunda vaKomonisiti, iye vachienda kuCanada. Mauto Mao vake vakakwanisa kukurira nzira zviuru 10 makiromita uye 12 enyika. Kwidza yakapera October 20, 1935, apo hurumende yechiKomonisiti mauto midzi Vayaobao. Zviri vanhu 8000 chete akasara.

xi'an chiitiko

Hondo yose vaKomonisiti uye Kuomintang akanga yakatora makore 10, uye panguva ino yose China iri pasi kutyiswa Japanese kupindira. Kusvika panguva iyoyo paitova vamwe skirmishes muna muManchuria, asi Tokyo haana kuvanza vavariro dzavo - vaida kukunda zvachose simba uye aneta ne hondo, mumwe muvakidzani.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu zvikamu zviviri vokuChina aifanira kuwana mutauro nevakawanda kuti aponese nyika yake. Mushure Long March, Chan Kayshi akanga achironga kupedza kukundwa vaKomonisiti, vakapukunyuka kubva kuchamhembe. Zvisinei, December 12, 1936 Mutungamiri KMT akasungwa yake vemauto. Yang Hucheng uye Zhang Syuedyan akabvunza kubva purezidhendi yokuumba kubatana vaKomonisiti kuti pamwe tinorwisana vokuJapan vavengi. President conceded. hwaakasungwa yakazozivikanwa seshanduro Xi'an Pane Zvaitika. Nokukurumidza, akanga yakabatana mberi, izvo zvinogona kusimbisa wokuChina vanhu vemapato ose ezvematongerwo enyika. pamusoro chido kudzivirira rusununguko munyika.

Japanese mungozi

Kwemakore akawanda yehondo Chinese akasvimha nguva Japanese kupindira. Mushure Xi'an Zvaitika Zvacho kubvira 1937 kusvika 1945 pakati vaKomonisiti uye Kuomintang akaramba chibvumirano pamusoro omubatanidzwa tinorwisana atadza. Tokyo militarists vachitarisira kuti vanogona kubata nyore kukunda China, kubuda ropa kupikiswa dzakawanda. Zvisinei, nguva kwakaratidza kuti vokuJapan vaiva zvakaipa. Pashure ivo vapinda kubatana Nazi Germany, uye muEurope, vaNazi vakatanga kuwedzera, Chinese vakatsigira sungano masimba, zvikurukuru muUnited States uye Soviet Union. VokuAmerica vaiva pamusoro Japanese kana vakarwisa Pearl Harbor.

Hondo yevagari China, iri pfupi, kuti Chinese kungosara. Equipment, kurwisana kugona uye kubudirira kudzivirira mauto akanga yakaderera chaizvo. Paavhareji, Chinese akarasikirwa vanhu vakawanda 8 nguva pane vokuJapan, pasinei nokuti musi wokutanga divi akanga vashoma. Japan angangodaro vakakwanisa kupedza kupindira, kana kwete mubatanidzwa wemauto airwisa Germany. Kukurirwa kwakaita Germany muna 1945 pakupedzisira akasunungura maoko Soviet Union. The vokuAmerica aimbovenga wakashanda pamusoro Japanese vainyanya mugungwa kana mudenga, mune imwe muzhizha akadonha mabhomba maviri mabhomba paHiroshima neNagasaki. Empire akaisa pasi zvayo maoko.

Danho rechipiri yehondo

Pashure Japan pakupedzisira mapfumo, wokuChina nharaunda yakanga zvakare yakakamurwa pakati vaKomonisiti uye vatsigiri Kai-shek. Mumwe kwadzinoita aiva kudzora iwayo enyika apo paiva hondo vakavimbika kwaari. The CPC akasarudza kuti midzi yayo dzekuchamhembe. Pano nhema muganhu pamwe Soviet Union ushamwari. Muna August 1945, vaKomonisiti akatora guta chinokosha sezvo Zhangjiakou, Qinhuangdao uye Shanhaiguan. Kutongwa Mao Zedong aiva muManchuria uye Mongolia Inner.

KMT hondo ikapararira munyika. Huru boka raiva kumadokero pedyo kuBurma. Hondo yevagari 1946-1950, China. It ndikapisira hurumende vazhinji vatorwa afungezve mafungiro avo zviri kuitika munzvimbo. US pakarepo akatora progomindanskie chinzvimbo. VokuAmerica kuzivikanwa shek gungwa uye mhepo nemotokari kuti nokukurumidza kutapurirana mauto kumabvazuva.

Peace kuitwa

Events kuti vakatevera Kuregwa Japan, kwakaita kuti hondo China yechipiri vehurumende asi atanga. Muchiitiko chino, tisingatauri kuedza mapato kupedza rokutanga runyararo chibvumirano. October 10, 1945 mu Chongqing, Chan Kayshi uye Mao Tszedun akasaina runoenzanirana kondirakiti. Vavengi wakanyengwa mubve mauto ayo uye kusawirirana munyika. Zvisinei, emo musazonetsanazve mberi. Uye musi October 13, Chan Kayshi akarayira hombe-pamwero inogumbura. Mukutanga 1946, vokuAmerica akaedza kutaurirana nevanoshora rwake. In China nendege General Dzhordzh Marshall. With payo, gwaro racho yakasainwa, rwakazokura seshanduro January ceasefire.

Kunyange zvakadaro, muzhizha nehondo yevagari vemo muna 1946-1950, China. Akatangazve. VaKomonisiti Army muduku KMT sezvo unyanzvi uye michina. Iye akatambura kukundwa chakakura yomukati China. Muna March 1947 Vakomonisiti mapfumo Yan'an. In muManchuria CCP mauto vakanga vakakamurwa kuva mapoka matatu. Pakadaro, vane yakawanda achifambisa, saka kuti vakabatsirwa imwe nguva. VaKomonisiti vaiziva kuti Chinese Civil War 1946-1949 gg. ivo ucharasika kana musingadi kutora okunyanyisa kuchinja. It vakatanga kumanikidzwa kusikwa uto dzose. Kuti abvume vanhuwo zvavo kuti chips on whitekuva parutivi rwake, Mao Tszedun akatanga nyika kuchinja. Vomumusha vakatanga kugamuchira migove, uye contingent pamusoro vaiendeswa akakurira mauto, vaibva mumusha.

Zvinokonzera kuti Civil War muna China makore 1946-1949. It vakagumisa kuti kunyangarika nokutyisidzirwa yokumwe Kupindira munyika kamwe zvakare awedzera kupokanidzana pakati maviri enyika vasingawirirani enyika. Tingati KMT uye vaKomonisiti aigona pamwe mune imwe hurumende. China vanofanira kukunda ane simba vangadai munyika ramangwana dzimwe mhando.

The zvinokonzera kutsemuka

Vakomonisiti akanakidzwa rutsigiro zvikuru Soviet Union. The Soviet Union haana kupindira zvakananga kurwisana, asi napedyo enyika hwoudzvinyiriri Chokwadi anoridza mumaoko Mao Zedong. Moscow akabvumirana kupa Chinese mamwe masoja ose Japanese dzangu akakundawo midziyo mukutsinhana nerubatsiro zvokudya kuFar East. Uyezve, kubva pakutanga Danho rechipiri hondo pasi kudzorwa CCP vaiva makuru maguta maindasitiri. With wakadaro kwezvivako aigona kukurumidza kusika hondo vangasimudzira itsva, nani akashongedzerwa uye vakadzidziswa pane vaviri makore asati.

Muchirimo 1948 vakatanga pakuti tsamwisa Vakomonisiti muna muManchuria. Operation inotungamirwa Lin Biao - unyanzvi uto mutungamiri uye ramangwana Marshal of China. Mugumo kurwisa yakanga liaoshen rutsigiro, izvo vakakundwa imwe hondo Kuomintang (vanhu vanenge hafu yemiriyoni pakati) hombe. Kubudirira akabvumira vaKomonisiti kurongazve mauto avo. Mauto shanu guru, imwe neimwe iri kushanda mune imwe nharaunda yacho yakanga zvakasikwa. simbi idzi vanoumba chengeta yakarwa chikwata uye nemasiraidhi akapendwa. The CPC akasarudza kushandisa Soviet zvakaitika Great Patriotic War, kana fronts guru dzakatangwa muna Red Army. Panguva iyo Chinese Civil War 1946-1949 gg. It akatamira mukunopera kwayo. Kamwe akasunungurwa muManchuria, Lin Biao vabatana neboka, vachishandisa North China. Pakazosvika 1948, vaKomonisiti wadzikamisa zvemari chinokosha marasha nembiya Tangshan.

CCP kukunda

Muna January 1949, pasi murayiro weuto yaaigara ari Tianjin Biao. PDAs kubudirira Wakakotamisawo gomindanskogo mukuru kuchamhembe mberi kukanda mapfumo pasi pasina kurwa Beiping (iyoyo zita Beijing). Kudzikira akaita shek zvamaronga munhu chibvumirano kuti muvengi. Akazosvika kusvikira April. The Refu Xinhai Revolution uye hondo yevagari China vakateura ropa rakawandisa. Muna Kuomintang Ndakanzwa kushayikwa kwevanhu mari. Multiple namafungu kuunganidza zvakakonzera kuti vatsva kutora aingovawo asiko.

Muna April, vaKomonisiti vakatuma shanduro kwavo kwenguva refu anokumhan'arira runyararo chibvumirano. Maererano kokupedzisira pashure rechi20 zuva PDA haina akamirira mhinduro imwe bhidha kuti atanga mumwe kurwisa. Mauto akayambuka the yangtze River. May 11 Lin Byao akatora Wuhan, uye musi waMay 25 - Shanghai. Chan Kayshi akabva yakaoma uye takatamira Taiwan. Kuomintang hurumende kubva Nanjing kuna Chongqing aenda. Hondo yava kuitwa chete kumaodzanyemba kwenyika.

Pakusikwa China uye kuguma hondo

October 1, 1949 vaKomonisiti akadanidzira pokugadzwa itsva People kuti Republic of China (prc they). The mhemberero yakaitwa Beijing, iyo yakava guta guru munyika zvakare. Kunyange zvakadaro, hondo mberi.

8 Guangzhou akabatwa. Hondo yevagari China, zvinokonzera vakanga anoenzanirana simba vaKomonisiti uye Kuomintang, zvino kuuya ayo vatiwo. Hurumende atamira kune Chongqing kubudikidza US ndege pakupedzisira anobviswa kuchitsuwa muTaiwan. Patsime 1950, vaKomonisiti zvachose yakakunda kumaodzanyemba kwenyika. Kuomintang mauto avo vasingadi yokuupa, uye vakatizira akapoteredza French Indochina. In kuwa mauto China akatora kutonga Tibet.

Zvaizobuda hondo yevagari mu China akarara pakuti utongi hwechiKomonisiti yakatangwa nyika yakakura uye vazhinji ichi. KMT hwaponeswa chete muTaiwan. Panguva iyoyo nhasi, Chinese zviremera funga pachitsuwa chikamu nharaunda yayo. Asi chaizvoizvo ipapo kubvira 1945 pane Republic of China. Dambudziko dzakawanda pamutemo weHurumende anoramba nhasi.