Kutonga kwaKatherine 2

Kutonga kwaCatherine II muRussia (1762 - 1796) ndiyo nguva yekuchinja kukuru uye zviitiko zvinokosha muupenyu hwevanhu.

Muzinda wekuRussia wemangwana, neee sofya August Fredrika Anhalt-Zerbstskaya akatanga kuuya kuRussia muna 1745 mukukoka kwaElizabheti. Mugore rimwe chete akaroora Guru Duke Petro Fedorovich (Petro 3). Kusada kwemurume wake uye kurwara kwaErizabheti kwakaita kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu apo kutyisidzirwa kwekudzingwa kwake kubva kuRussia kwakamuka. Achivimba neVadhigiri veGadhi, muna 1762 akazvipira kusatendesa ropa uye akava umambo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kutonga kwaCatherine II kwakatanga.

Mudzimai akaita basa rakashandura kuchinja zvinhu, achiedza kusimbisa simba rega. Muna 1767, akaunganidza Komisheni kuti inyore code itsva. Asi kereke yevatongi, zvisinei, yakave isingagamuchirwi naCatherine uye yakagumburwa

Muna 1763, kuvandudza hutungamiri hwehurumende, iye akabata sangano rekuchinja. MuSeneti pane madhipatimendi masere uye akarasikirwa nekodzero yekufambisa zvigadzirwa zvehurumende, achiva mukuru wepamusoro nekutonga. Bherg-Collegium, Mutongi Mukuru uye Manufactory-College vakadzorerwa. Kuisa kwepakati yenyika uye kushandiswa kwemasimba kwemasimba kwakafanana nekufamba kwakasimba. Kugadzirisa dambudziko rezvemari muna 1763-1764 Catherine anoita sangano renyika dzechechi (achivatumira kunyika yepfuma), iyo yakabvumira kudzorera mari yekuchengetedza uye kubvisa vafundisi sesimba guru rezvematongerwe enyika.

Kutonga kwaCatherine II kwakanga kusiri munyoro. Kwemazuva ekutonga kwake, kupesana kwaPugachev kwakaitika. Hondo yevagari vemauto ya1773-1775 yakaratidza kuti izvi zvakasara zvevanhu hazvibatsiri. Uye Catherine anosarudza kusimbisa mhedziso yemutemo, achivimba chete nevakuru.

"Tsamba dzakanyorwa" kuvakuru uye maguta (1785) akarayira kurongeka kwemasangano, zvinoreva zvakakwana kuvhurwa kwezvivako: vanokudzwa, vafundisi, vatengesi, philistinism uye serfs. Kuvimba kwekupedzisira kwakanyanya kuwedzerwa, kuumba mamiriro ezvinhu ekutyisidzira kwe "nhepfenyuro yakanaka yegoridhe".

Mukutonga kwaCatherine mhirizhonga yenyika yakawana apogee muRussia. Mudzimai haana kutsvaka kuchinja nheyo dzehupenyu hwevanhu. Kubva pane basa rehurumende yehurumende, chigaro chechigaro chepamusoro kune vakatendeka vakatendeka uye mhandara wakachenjera anotonga zvose, uku ndiko kwaiva hupenyu hwenyika munguva iyi. Mitemo yemhuri uye yekunze yakaitwa kunze kwekuda kwehurumende yepakati. Nzira yekumambo yakanga yakasiyana yepurovhinzi (Lesser Russia, Livonia neFinland), uye kuwedzerwa kwakaendererawo kuneCrimea, Polish Kingdom, North Caucasus, uko matambudziko enyika atotanga kuwedzera. Muna 1764 Hetmanate muUkraine yakasvibiswa, Gavhuna Mukuru uye Mutungamiri weMaroros Board vakagadzwa kuti vatonge.

Muna 1775, kuchinja kwevatungamiri kwakatanga. Panzvimbo dze 23 mapurisa, 50 itsva dzakasikwa. Mari yeChechi yepamusoro yakagadzirisa mhizha, Mutemo - masangano ehurumende (zvipatara uye zvikoro), matare akaparadzaniswa nehutungamiri. Nzira yekutonga nyika ikava yunifomu, iri pasi pevatongi, masangano makuru, magavhuna uye, pakupedzisira, mamambokadzi.

Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti kutonga kwaCatherine II zvakare kukwirira kwekusarura. Asi kana pasi peErizabheti zviitiko izvi hazvina kuunza kukuvadza kunokonzerwa nehurumende, ikozvino kuparadzirwa kwemasimba enyika uye serfs kumambo wekuremekedza kwakatanga kukonzera kusagutsikana.

The absolutism enlightened of Catherine ndiyo nguva yekushandiswa kwemaonero emagariro evanhu uye ezvematongerwe enyika ezana remakore rechi18, maererano nekushandiswa kwevanhu kunofanira kuenderera mberi nenzira yekushanduka-shanduka pasi pekutungamirirwa nemambo akajekeswa uye anodikamwa, anobatsira nevezivi.

Migumisiro yekutonga kwaChristine II inokosha zvikuru kumusangano weRussia. Nharaunda yehurumende yakakura zvikuru, mari yefuma inowanikwa kaviri, uye vanhu vakawedzera ne75%. Zvisinei, kujekeswa kwemhedziso kwakagadzirisa matambudziko ose anokurumidza uye hazvigoni.