Ndiani meya mabharani?

Zemsky mukuru - yepakutanga rokuremekedza, izvo pakuzivikanwa munharaunda Russia kubvira remakore rechi16. The chidzoke kwaiita vakuru chokuita zvakananga kuchinja vomunharaunda hurumende. Pakuzadzisa nemasangano aya embody kodzero uye mitoro nevakuru Zemsky uyo akaramba kushanda kusvikira 1917. Pasinei nokuedza zvose liberalizirvoat nezviremera zvomunzvimbo, vachiri kushanda yekare nenzira. Nei zvakaitika? Edza kunzwisisa.

Rus yekare

This post rave richizivikanwa kubvira pamazuva Kievan Rus. Kunyange zvazvo kushingaira vakuru kumaruwa, ndivo chete machinda varanda uye vashumiri vakatendeka, akagadzwa Prince kana vatsigiri vake vepedyo kutungamirira mapoka maduku. Mitemo Yaroslava Mudrogo akataura mumaruwa uye rataynye vakuru. Chokutanga raisanganisira vokumaruwa ari machinda Estates, namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara kupopotedzana, litigation, mitero zviunganidzwe. Ekupedzisira vaitarisira munyika nyaya, nharo pamusoro munharaunda uye patrimonial nyika, Assorted pfuma zvirwere. Gare gare, Institute mukuru akatamira kundima okumusoro-okumabvazuva zvemisoro.

Reform pamusoro Ivana Groznogo

Kwenguva refu, labial uye kumaruwa vakuru vakagadzwa maererano chirevo muchinda. Chaizvoizvo hapana zvainoita vomunzvimbo, havana inopiwa, uye vanhu vakauya nokuda nzira wechiTatar yaingopambwa: vaitasva, yakaunganidzwa, kubviswa. Kunyange zvazvo vakanga varayirwa kuchengeta hurongwa rinonyanya kure nzvimbo munyika Russian, mabasa avo akaita nyongoroka. Monstrous muchivadzvinyirira uye uori rakakunda kwose kwose, uye akanga asiri kurutivi yomunharaunda potentates kana kanzuru, kana mukuru. Zvakatora simbi kuda mutongi imwe kusunungura yaivapo uye kukudziridza nheyo hutsva kushanda yomunharaunda yaitonga.

Panguva yaitonga Ivana Groznogo paiva kudiwa kwokukurumidzira kurongazve zvachose administrative gadziriro yeRussian wehurumende. A zvakafanana mitemo, akasungirirwa zvematongerwe, akapiwa zita kuchinja hurumende dzematunhu. Chikuru Chikonzero chiitiko yavo yakanga kudiwa ubvise inonzi dzichifura - imwe zvekare kakasaririra dzekare, akapa vashanyi zvakarurama namachinda kugara mari (kureva chikafu) nzvimbo. Panzvimbo dzinongoitika zvakavakodzera wakatangwa ezvinhu mari uye mari riyerere inotongwa zvakananga neHurumende.

Stoglavy Cathedral

Muna 1551 Stoglavy kanzuru akapa mitema chiedza kuti Implementation ari County mvumo zvitupa, maererano iyo chabvisa zvachose kupfungwa vevatariri. Asi appointees kumativi ose Russian wehurumende vakava vemo akasarudzwa Zemsky mukuru. The youmambo chirevo 1555 akarayira kudzima zvokudya uye kusarudza kuti nevakuru vakuru vomunharaunda. Chinonyanya kukosha nzvimbo zviremera zvomunzvimbo vakatanga Zemsky nerogi mumatumba, iyo yaimiririra varikutonga bazi. Fully kudzorwa rokutonga uye administrative ezvinhu, uye kushingaira vakuru kumaruwa pasi Ivan vanotyisa akazvipiwa kodzero uye masimba itsva.

Vakuru Career Zemsky

Unoponesa zviremera zvomunzvimbo chakazochinja Profile of administrative ezvinhu Russian umambo. Zemsky mukuru akatanga kuva-siyana masimba. In zvaaipomera pana mavanze Local, kunzwisisa vehurumende nyaya kwete chete, asiwo duku mhosva yokutyora mutemo. Zvikurukuru mukuru-Profile mhosva mhosva vaibata voga. Gosa munyaya zvinetso gwaro vemo, kudzora makirasi rezasi uye kuunganidzwa kwemitero. The chikuru mhando mutero raiva "pososhnoy tsitsi", iyo vabhadhare yose mukono vakura Vagari venyika. muripo uyu unotsiva chikare namestnichy. Mari ikatanga zvakananga papfuma youmambo uye kubva ipapo mari munyu veko vakuru uye kushanyira Vaongorori.

Zemsky mukuru akamira musoro Zemsky cherogi mumatumba. Aishanda nezvinetso wokushandiswa zvaiita nyika, zvawanyora mutero, kuunganidzwa nokuparadzirwa mitero ehurumende-anazvo uye kuita mamwe mabasa. Kana kuti zvimwe chikonzero ari labial mukuru haana kuita mabasa ake kana asina kusarudzwa, uye izvi mabasa ndiwo basa romusoro Zemsky cherogi mumatumba. Panyaya iyi, mabharani mukuru akatarisira veruzhinji mapurisa, dzinodzorwa kuvhiyiwa zemskih sudeek, zemskih vanamabharani uye Tselovalnikov.

Pasarudzo uye masimba

The musarudzo guru chinzvimbo ichi kusarudzwa kubva pakati zvikuru uye vakapfuma veko. With zvakanaka mamiriro akanga akagadzirira kuti basa machinda guru, uye boyars. Chokwadi, vakuru zviduku zvakawanda akatsvaka kuita basa rakadaro. Zemsky mukuru akasarudzwa panzvimbo, uye pasi zvakananga musimboti murayiro, mutariri akapoteredza mumaruwa. Nguva izwi rake dzaiita zuva rimwe kusvika pamakore maviri. Pamwe chete kunenge musarudzo yave rakadzokororwa uye yose hurumende Zemsky cherogi mumatumba. Yakakurumbira Zemsky mukuru aiva Alexander Minin.

Muna 1699, Zemsky nerogi mumatumba dzakafanana kanzuru mumaguta maduku European. Zemsky mukuru akava meya ane chinokosha rokuwedzera kuwanda mabasa ayo. Asi kure zvikamu Russian Empire, mukuru chimiro yeko ikoko uye ipapo. Chimwe nokubatanidzwazve muzvikoro yeko vakapedza muna 1719.

dzematunhu nadzurudzo

Zvakachinja chehurumende maviri emakore (kubva rechi16 kusvikira muzana remakore rechi18.) Vakanga nguva nenguva uye asiri hurongwa hunhu. Peter akaedza kupa gobvu Russian Kutarisirwa yakabudirira mhando European. Chokwadi, kana icho yokugutsikana yeEuropean zviremera zvemo zvakanga zvisiri panzvimbo Tichitevedzera Swedish ezvinhu hurumende, asi chaizvoizvo simba rose rakanga richiri kusimbiswa mumaoko amambo appointees. Labial uye kumaruwa vakuru sevari kusarudzwa pasi, asi kuti vanotenderanawo navo Zvaida imwevo wamambo.

Unodii?

Hurumende City kunge kudzorwa muenzaniso Swedish asi mumaruwa zemstvo kari nyongoroka kwakaguma zvakagadzirwa. Zvikurukuru, izvi zvakakonzerwa kushaya ane vemo akadzidza uye matunhu inoomesera yairambidza havasi kodzero yekuita zvokuwedzera hofisi raidiwa mukirasi. Naizvozvo, tsvimbo nokuti zviremera zvitsva emo vakanyengerwa kubva kare vanamabharani uye Podyachev, vasingagoni uye haagoni rongedza basa rayo mune muenzaniso kupiwa. Naizvozvo, Petro zvinhu vomunharaunda kuzvitonga haana kuzadzikisa mabasa ayo, uye akava chete autocratic colour kuti rusununguko yaivapo European.