Chii chakaita kuti paumbwe aeolian landforms? Muitiro wezvamatongerwe zvokuyamura

Pasi kuzorodzwa kunzwisisa zvinoumba pemvura yedu, iyo runoonekwa pachinhu pamwero. Mune mamwe manzwi, ndiye zvose hadzina kufambiswa zvakanaka panyika, gungwa uye pasi pevhu. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana kuzorodzwa vari kusiyaniswa saizi yavo, zera, uye nhoroondo kukura.

Zvinokosha kufunga izvi akagadzira chokutambudzika uye paivakwa mugwagwa, njanji nezvimwe network. Mamirire ruyamuro (makomo, nemumakomo, flat uye zvichingodaro. D.) Substantially kukanganisa uwandu basa uye mutengo.

Movement pamusoro landforms

All hadzina kufambiswa zvakanaka Nyika akakamurwa:

1. Mountain. Izvi landform cône-zvakaumbwa, chirefu kupfuura akapoteredza mamiriro enzvimbo. The yakakwirira mugomo rinonzi chakaderedzwa mutengo, izvo zvinogona kunge chakasimba kana kutora chimiro nzvimbo (nebani). The lateral pose kwakadzikira dzakadaro ine skates. mutsetse, iyo inoratidza Fusion makomo yakapoteredza kwenzvimbo, pakadarowo kana sole.

2. Kucherwa. Ichi chimiro kuzorodzwa pakatarisana pegomo uye ane namahwindo mwoyo. Yakadereresa pfungwa mugomba akadana pasi. The divi hukawanika zvakadai landforms anokandwa, uye dzinza batanidzo pamwe nzvimbo dzakapoteredza - pahuma.
3. anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. Hakusi chinhu asi pachikomo, akatambanudza chero mirayiridzo, uye zvishoma nezvishoma kunoderedza kureba. neeSultan All vane dzakatenuka maviri, izvo batanidza pamusoro, pova mutsetse pakati Watershed.
4. Dell. landforms kwakadaro pakatarisana anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. Ivo elongated, nguva dzose vachidonhedzera mukudzokera izvo yakazaruka pamugumo. Dell ane mbiri murwere unobatanidza kune Watershed mutsetse, kumhanya pamwe pazasi dzidzo ichi. Muenzaniso chimiro yakadaro inogona kushanda mupata uye gully. Muchiitiko chokutanga tinogona kutaura rakafara mhango, une sandara, turf-akafukidzwa dzakatenuka. Gully Evhangeri yemvura noMweya ndiyo imwe inotungamirwa yakadaro. It rakamanikana pomupata, izvo materu vari pamawere uye havana turf.
5. Chigaro. Izvi nzvimbo kutangira muna dzinodengenyeka batanidza skates akavata pakati maviri gomo pedyo. Dzimwe nguva Chigaro iri nzvimbo batanidzo Watershed anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. On nenyika yaro, sezvinoita ushe, vanhu vari tichigadzira kungofamba mudungwe munzira kana migwagwa, achivadana anopfuura. Kubva Chigaro Voda iri pakatarisana mirayiridzo Hazel.

Zvose pamusoro mhando kuzorodzwa ndiyo huru.

dzidzo Nzira

The pemvura zvokuyamura - siyanei convex kana concave hadzina kufambiswa zvakanaka, izvo zvinogona kuonekawo pasi. siyana ayo dzinosiyana kukura uye mavambo. Saka, zvose zviripo pasi redu gogonera nomunzvimbo dzine ndezvaMwari Mega, micro, meso uye Nano-zororo. Uyezve, inotungamirwa yavo inogona kukonzerwa nemvura-erosive kana kuputika, glacial kana karst, tectonic kana aeolian kwendangariro. Mumwe nomumwe makwara idzi imwe mhando rwokufamba simba uye nyaya dzakadzika kana pechiso goko.

Varieties ruyamuro-nokuumba pezvakaitwa

All zvinoita kuti itibatsire paumbwe pemvura yedu, akakamurwa endogenous uye exogenous. Pasinei misiyano, vari nguva dzose pamwe chete. Zvisinei, yemamiriro basa romumwe wavo kunoenderana hunhu kunyevenutswa dzimwe nzvimbo.

Nezveshoko exogenous zvinhu, vaigara musiwa pechiso Earth. Mishumo pezvakaitwa yakadaro - okumusoro chikamu ivhu. Izvi rokuyamura inotungamirwa zvinhu zvakadai kwevhu uye weathering, abrasion uye denudation, matambudziko mazitombo echando uye t. D. Inokonzera ndozvinoitawo anokosha pamusoro zvipenyu, giravhiti, uye simba rezuva mwaranzi simba. Exogenous zvikonzero kukanganisa pamusoro chapamusoro dzenyika nechepasi kuti aumbe, somunhu ushe, meso- uye microforms pemvura. Izvi imhaka yavo vasingakoshi nezvainoita Geological nemamiriro nyika.

landforms Large vari aumba somugumisiro yokuwana endogenous zvinhu. It pezvakaitwa kuitika muura enyika, izvo zvinokonzerwa simba rinokweva uye zvemukati simba. landforms Major simuka nokuda zvimwe zvinhu yomuka somugumisiro vachishandisa kutenderera redu. Sei kuratidza endogenous pezvakaitwa? Kuvapo kwavo kunoratidza kwatiri basa madhaka anoputika, magmatism, tectonic kufamba, uye zvichingodaro. D. zvose zvezviratidzo izvi zvinokonzerwa pokudzora chafariz simba pamusoro nyika kunobva radioactive dzakaora kuitika nejasi. Zvinokosha achiti endogenous dzinotsanagura pasi goko rakakamurwa mhando mbiri - the Oceanic uye Continental.
Zvazvakaita yomunyika kupisa simba hunokonzera kwebasa lithosphere. Izvi zvinooneka anochinja ruyamuro mepu. Kuvakwa zvavanokanganisa uye pazvirugu, zvikomo uye dzegirini pamusoro chapamusoro dzenyika nechepasi.

Ndeipi mienzaniso kuzorodzwa inoumbwa kuitwa endogenous pezvakaitwa? Kutanga, zviri zvinokanganiswa goko paNyika. Vakasiyana kukura uye chimiro, uyewo nguva inotungamirwa. Zvakadzamisisa yezvikanganiso izvi - hombe block kuona chinjikira uye rusvingo misha. Kazhinji kunorondedzerwa hurukuro yacho makondinendi. inoperera huru goko paNyika zvinoreva yakazara zvikanganiso zviduku. Kakawanda iri rwizi mumipata, zvikomo uye pamapani. Uye vose siyana izvi, sezvo mutemo, vanoita ano wehunyambiri sangano iri kana divi. Saka, Upland, sezvamakaropafadzwa akaronga Kurskaia, Voronezh Belgorodskaia nharaunda uye ane kugara vachisimudza kumhanya 4 6 millimeters pagore. Asi Oka-Don yamapani, nekusiyana, Haatauri. Mwero izvi yaiva 2 mm. Zvinofanira akati kuti kwakaita nzvimbo yacho uye zvemaumbirwo epasi nechepasi zviri pedyo nepedyo. Ancient fambisa redu kutigumbura zvinoratidzwa yezvakaita kuwanikwa ari mavari namatombo.

To musi, mumwe zvinhu kukanganisa shanduko pakukwirira kwaro, ndiye munhu zvoupfumi basa. Pane rakananga kukanganisa pasi goko panguva migodhi, paivakwa, uyewo kukura minda kurima zvirimwa.

mhepo chiito

Kuonana mumhepo gobvu nokuyerera zvakatipoteredza iri ubiquitous. mhepo uye kuzorodzwa-basa chinhu chinoita kuti ane zvikuru guru kukanganisa munharaunda jecha mumarenje. Various pasi pemvura roughness munzvimbo iyi kutora nzvimbo chokuita nokushanda deflation kwacho. ichivhuvhuta iri mujecha vakawanda.

Uyewo, kushanda kwavo kunoitika uye mimwe deposition (kuwanda). landforms avo kuti akaumba somugumisiro nemhepo, dzinonzi aeolian. Uye ichi hazvishamisi, sezvo Aeolus - zita rekare rechiGiriki mwari mhepo. Kwakabva kwaiita mamiriro enzvimbo? Zvinonzi akaumba pasi pokudzora zvinotevera pezvakaitwa:
- deflation - anongoremberera ivhu ichivhuvhuta;
- ngura - kukuya nokurumanya yokucheka mapuranga;
- kuchinjwa ivhu mudenga nehova
- kuunganidza zvinhu.

Wind havukavu wakabatana zvakananga kuchinjwa ivhu nezvimedu, riri pasi pevhu. Saka, apo mhepo gobvu nokuyerera mumwe wechipiri ari chinhambwe 4,5-6,7 metres vangakurudzirwa 0.25 mm jecha remakungwa. At dzakakwirira aimhanya (11,4-13 m / s), mari inogona kusvika 1.5 mm.

Unoumba deflationary ruyamuro

Pezvakaitwa vachiridza Loose ivhu zvinowanzoitika panyika arable wakapiwa munda. Chii chakaita kuti paumbwe aeolian landforms iyi? Deflation kwacho imhaka kurasikirwa mamiriro ari manyowa jengachenga kurima kunounza kwenguva yakareba. Ivhu unotanga nyore icharidzwa, rwakadini Fani iyi kusvika 125 matani por hectare. Deflation pezvakaitwa kuitika Russian Central Black Earth nharaunda. Somuenzaniso, muna 1967 mu rwezasi Voronezh nharaunda mupopoti guruva dutu kuparadzwa anenge 60 matani por hectare ivhu.

Description rokuyamura umo pane zvishoma yakatarwa pezvinomera, ndiko alternation kuti deflation nembiya uye vari pakati partitions. Izvi vanonzi cellular serakavakwa jecha inoumbwa mhepo makore rakatumbuka mirayiridzo panguva mugari deflation ivhu inoramba. Kana wakatsigira mhepo bheseni kuva kirisendi yakaumba vane imwe dzidziso. Dzinonzi sezvinotevera: mugomba kosi aeolian sand. The Kudeuka kwakadaro siyana vari kusvika makumi manomwe mamita kudzika. Vanowanzoororwa kuwanikwa Arabia, uko vari kunzi fuldzhi.

Forms kungatikanganisa ruyamuro

Portable guru jecha iridzwe kazhinji muchikuya nokugedagedesa nokupedzwa akaturikidzana padombo, izvo zvinowanikwa munzira kufamba kwavo. Panyaya iyi, paumbwe:
- kungatikanganisa niches;
- "mbiru ibwe";
- aeolian "ibwe howa".

Panyaya ngura niches, dzidzo yavo zvaitika, sezvo mutemo, ari nyore destructible matombo. Vari somuenzaniso, marls uye sandstones. Kana nzenza dombo akafuka gobvu, ipapo paumbwe "ibwe howa" kana "mbiru ibwe". Zvinoshamisa wayo runako landforms. Vanogona akafanana matanda, shongwe uye hunokuvadza.

Sei akaumba ichi dzinongoitika vanonetseka? Air gobvu akatapa hwake duku parukova weathering zvigadzirwa, uyewo anopapamisa kuunganidza nzenza zvinhu. Large kuvandudzwa pavazhinjisa jecha uchikurukura padombo. Panyaya iyi ivhu nezvimedu kuita sechinhu hasha zvinhu. Vanogeda muchikuya pamusoro matombo. Mugumisiro zvakadaro migumisiro uye vari chairwo eolian chimiro sembiru uye hunokuvadza.

Dzimwe nguva mhepo inovhuvhuta iri anodzora zvinhu zviri bheseni yose. Izvi denderedzwa kana kumativi chimiro ane makumi akawanda vanoverengeka mazana mamita nepakati. Dzimwe nguva deflation nembiya sezvinoita mirefu. Vakabva dzinonzi yardang. grooves idzi dzinowanzopiwa kuumbwa mumigwagwa kana zvimwe hurongwa pamwe elongated miganhu.

accumulative siyana

Chero dzedenga vakawanda aibuda iine kugona, simba uye saturation. chakarurama rokutanga kunozivisa chitsama nejecha kuti anogona kuenda ichi simba mhepo. Power Akatsunga kubva chaiyo nhamba ivhu nezvipembenene inoramba. Uye chii saturation mhepo? simba iri reshiyo uye wokufema vanokwanisa. Nokuti maduku tsika parameter Izvi deflation, uye nokuda guru - accumulative. Funga zvinoitwa rokupedzisira pavo.

Chii chakaita kuti paumbwe aeolian siyana accumulative mhando zororo? chete mhepo basa KUTAKURA jecha nezvimedu All. Kana nenzira vakawanda kudaro asangana Bush kana mamwe chipingamupinyi chero, ipapo murwi navevaniya. Kuunganidza jecha chose anofukidza chirimwa.

Pane mienzaniso yakasiyana-siyana pamusoro kuzorodzwa inoumbwa kuwanda kwendangariro. Asi zvose siyana ayo rakakamurwa mhando mbiri:
- longitudinal;
- muchinjikwa.

By longitudinal siyana zvinosanganisira jecha anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri, iyo inonziwo ridged sand. inotungamirwa dzavo imhaka Zvakaitwa mhepo iri kugara negwara. Izvi kunokonzera ichivhuvhuta jecha kubva nisin pamwe mawa kusunungurwa ndokuadira akaumbwa kwakadzikira kana anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. Panguva imwe chete, hapana sangano ivhu nezvimedu kurutivi mhepo kufamba nenzira muhomba, nokudaro nezvishoma chinoramba chimiro.

Pakati transverse accumulative eolian idzodzo ndivo Dunes, uye ngetani barkhan Dunes. Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

Dunes

Mumagwenga aiwanzowanika zvikomo kirisendi chimiro, misoro ayo akanongedza uye rinotungamirirwa akananga koshesa mugumisiro mhepo zvavo. Ndicho Dunes. Chii chakaita kuti paumbwe aeolian landforms kwakadai? All chete mudzimu nemhepo. Dunes vane asymmetric dzakatenuka. sandara divi rayo kutarisana windward divi, uye mawere - kuti leeward. Dunes - a Mobile muchimiro jecha zororo. sangano ravo riri kunonoka, asi rakadzikama. Mugore, ndiyo 50-60 mamita. In Karakums nokukurumidza izvi zvakati kwirirei. Zviri 12 metres mumwedzi rokupedzisira.

Chii chakaita kuti paumbwe aeolian landforms kwakadai? Chokwadi, basa kakawanda uye simba mhepo. Zvisinei, pane zvimwe pasi pokudzora izvo pane Dunes. Idzi dzinosanganisira:
- shoma kunayisa;
- basa chaiko weathering munyika pamatombo;
- vashoma kana zvachose kusavapo zvinomera.

akaumba yakafanana ruyamuro chero ezvinhu? Desert ekunze, dzinopisa uye unozvidzora latitudes ndiyo inoita chaizvo kuti chidzoke ari Dunes. Kukwirira jecha idzodzo, somunhu mutemo, hapana mamita anopfuura masere. Asi vamwe kupfuura zvikuru zvinogona kusimuka kusvika 40 m.

barkhan cheni

Izvi aeolian landforms vanomuka pamusoro penyika munhu anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. Dzinomirira anoverengeka fused Dunes. Description rokuyamura iri mhando kazhinji ine rairatidza kuvapo zviratidzo ripples, riri pamusoro windward dzakatenuka. Ava diki, yakafanana rinotungamirirwa jecha rollers, ane kureba iri kuwanda 2-5 cm. Pakuonekwa zviratidzo ripples anokonzerwa vibration dzedenga vakawanda.

Dunes

In asiri Tropical mumarenje kazhinji zvichiita kuti vachengete paumbwe transverse aeolian siyana. It Dunes. Pasi zvinoitwa mhepo kunogona kutora idzodzo dzakadaro uye longitudinal maonero. Dzimwe nguva Dunes fanana rwayo Dunes pfungwa. Zvisinei, kusiyana, "nyanga" kuti idzodzo kwakadaro kunangana nemhepo. In pepa contours akafanana Dunes anonzi parabolic.

Ndezvipi zvimwe zviri aeolian landforms? Hunosanganisira Dunes vari akasendamira uye pyramidal. idzodzo Similar ndivo kupfuura Aeolian. Vanogona kuonekwa Central Asia uye Sahara. Pyramidal Dunes vari kuumbwa kana mhepo ikarira kwakasiyana-siyana. Dzimwe nguva siyana izvi vanosvika kukwirira 150 metres. Akasendamira pamusoro Dunes vari yakaumbwa pedyo negomo neeSultan. Ichi dzakasiyana jecha muhwezva, akafuridzirwa mhepo makore ari pamateru. Akasendamira pamusoro Dunes vanowanzoda kukwirira 200 m.

Other aeolian dzidzo

Kazhinji mufambo zvevhu nezvimedu miganhu uswa, riri pamusoro nharaunda nokuparadzirwa yavo. Saka, pamberi zvisingawanzoitiki fauna of akaturikidzana vari kuumbwa nemumakomo sand. Negore jecha mumipata uye pamahombekombe pane Kuchugury. Izvi zvinonzi cumulus Sands.

On munharaunda dzisinganayi nyika chikasanyenga chete jecha, asiwo matombo nevhu mumarenje. Apo unogona kuchengeta paumbwe dzakasiyana siyana deflation. Saka, namaberere kuti matombo matombo murenje kazhinji yakafukidzwa Yaunoti mugwenga varnish. Zviri kwakajeka goko aumba somugumisiro rirambe richibvira mufanidzo ibwe sesaline mhinduro. Ungangove anobatanidzwa izvi uye Micro-zvinenge, vonyanya hydroxides uye oxides esimbi, manganese nezvimwe zvinhu.

Pamusoro pemvura ivhu mumarenje vari loess erudzi. Ndokusaka ruyamuro munzvimbo iyi chakagadzirwa namahwindo kudzika dzegirini pamwe sandara pasi. Takyrs kufona inotungamirwa kwakadaro. pamusoro yavo yakafukidzwa mudcake, izvo anokamura rose richikurukura makatsemuka. Mune zvisingawanzoitiki inonaya takyrs rinoungana mumvura, chisimbiso rukoko rokumusoro.

Nokuti zororo uye dzisinganayi nharaunda vanoonekwa ne abudise nembiya. Vaunganidza vasanaiwa nemvura mavari asina nzvimbo nokuda mbudo. in Similar ingangowedzera kwemazana makiromita, richisvika kudzika 200 m. idzodzo kwakadaro kunogona kuonekwa ari Libyan murenje. It Qattara Depression, mhedziso chiratidzo riri kubvisa 134 metres. In paumbwe vakadaro siyana zvinobatanidzwa kwete chete nemhepo. A basa guru basa pano kuti lithological uye STRUCTURAL-Geological ezvinhu. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kufanana mwoyo vakavigwa pasi paiva jecha.

Sezvineiwo, takyrs dzose kwakawedzera. Izvi imhaka yokuti mhepo inovhuvhuta uye anoparadza Sefa keke pamusoro pechiso. Kwakadaro maitiro deflation kutungamirira kuti paumbwe ivhu Dunes. siyana izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa kuMexico.

The vaiongorora zvakaita subtropical uye dzinopisa zvikamu decorates relict kana vazviparadzanise nevamwe munzvimbo, uyewo denudation kumapani. Zvekare zvimiro zvemhashu aya kuumbwa mune mamwe okunze, asi zvakadaro vari kupfuura zvinowanzoitika kuti mumarenje.

In zvakazorodza Central Asia chipo denudation stratified mapani, kuoma yokudyira vakasara zvikomo. Izvi chitsuwa anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri pamwe sandara misoro uye kumawere vari mawere. Kwakadaro siyana mu Central Asia vari Turtkul zita. inotungamirwa yavo kunge pakutanga zvakabetsera Kuparara nokuhova dzisiri zvachose, uye pashure huru basa akanzi deflation pezvakaitwa kunokonzerwa nebasa nemhepo.