Biotic zvinhu, kupatsanura pakati biotic zvinhu

Shoko "biotic" (kubva muchiGiriki - biotikos) anoshandura upenyu. Zvakakosha kuti pfungwa "biotic factor". In chinonyanya Kazhinji chimiro muchikwata ichi SF anoreva yakatarwa mamiriro ezvinhu uye parameters zvipenyu runyararo kuti anokanganisa zvakananga anokosha ezvinhu zvipenyu. The akakurumbira musayendisiti Soviet uye wemhuka VN Beklemishev Classified zvose biotic zvezvakatipoteredza zvikonzero mumapoka mana makuru:

- kukamura uchishandisa zvinhu - avo nechokuita nokuchinja zvakatipoteredza pachayo;

- trophic - Ndivo zvinhu munguva ezvinhu zvipenyu zvokudya;

- fabricheskie - zvinhu zvinoratidza fabricheskie kutaurirana umo imwe mhando zvipenyu vanoshandisa rimwe mhando Utachiona (kana zvikamu zvayo kana metabolic zvigadzirwa) ari kuvaka zvinhu;

- foricheskie - chokuita kufamba zvipenyu rimwe worudzii Nhengo imwe mhuka.

Kazhinji, Zvakaitwa zvinhu vaiona richiratidzwa sezvo aiita pakati zvinenge zviri svikiro, uye simba ravakanga nesimba pane mumwe. An kuratidzwa anokosha chiito biotic chinokonzera ndiko nzira zvose pamwe chete zvinenge sei kwezvakatipoteredza. Izvi zviri zvikuru kusanyatsotsanangurwa tsanangura biotic dzezvakatipoteredza zvinhu.

In yakatarwa pakati aiita pakati zvipenyu, rokunyorovesa zvakatipoteredza, ndiwo ukama inogona rakakamurwa zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga. Uyewo, anokudzwa noukama intraspecific uye interspecific. Muchiitiko chokutanga, isu funga nekuita nemigumisiro yayo pakati penhengo rimwe marudzi, ayo kuburikidza yoku intraspecific makwikwi uye boka nemigumisiro uye vakawanda mananara. Interspecies ukama, sezvinoita mutemo, vane dzakasiyana chaizvo uye vanoratidza zvikuru-siyana mukukurukurirana. Rara izvi, nokuda kusiyana kwavakaita, dzinoiswa kupinda matombo aya:

- kwavakarerekera - kwakadai ukama umo biotic chinhu kunotema zvachose zvematongerwo (musamutsa zvakunotibatsira kana kukuvadza) nesungano pakati zvinenge;

- sinoykiya - ichi mhando ukama, umo mumiririri mumwe mhando muviri anoshandisa imwe akajeka misha yavo, pasina kupa yakananga kukuvadza. Izvi mhando anonziwo kvartirantstvom kana cohabiting;

- Competition - ichi chinokuvadzwa anopikisana ukama kuti kuitika pakati zvinenge nenzira yakananga dzinogarisana uye kuwadzana mumwe uye kuti mamiriro ezvinhu. Pane rakananga rinondinetsa "nzvimbo pasi pezuva", zvokudya, pokugara, uye zvimwe zvinhu;

- mutualism - zvaimirirwa interspecific ukama umo biotic chinhu kunokonzera chete "mose" co-nokuvapo zvipenyu;

- protocooperation mufananidzo ukama umo muviri, zvichida vamwe nguva, unogona kurarama pasina mumwe pasina kunyanya kukuvara ivepo;

- pana Commensalism biotic chinhu chinopa kudaro kudyidzana pakati zvinenge umo mumwe wavo anoshandisa yakasiyana somusha pasina anokonzera chinokosha kukuvara. Muenzaniso anogona kuti utachiona chipo vazhinji vari nemudumbu womunhu;

- amensalizm - mhando interspecific ukama, dzinoratidzwa akadaro kukurukurirana, naro kukuvadza mumwe muviri mumwe, zviri hanya;

- rudzi ukama zvipenyu umo tichiregeredza zvimwe zvinenge dzinokanganisa kune wokupedzisira, akadana parasitism;

- predation.

Kazhinji, nemhando dzose anopikisana ukama nechokwadi ndichengetedze kwemarudzi vanhu uye kuchengetedza vanhu vadzo.