Esters: mukuru unhu uye kushandisa

Esters pakati - kuzvitsinhanisa zvivezwa rehydrogen maatomu ari mapoka carboxylic acids uye chicherwa acids hydroxyl panguva kabhoni kukuru. Kusiyanisa mono-, va- uye polyesters. kuvapo monkey, va- uye polybasic acids, monobasic acids kuna - zvizere uye asidhi esters. Title Ester rine zita, munyaya yaro paumbwe asidhi uye doro. For esters, anowanzoshandiswa pano sezvisingakoshi kana nhoroondo Nomenclature. Maererano IUPAC Nomenclature mazita esters vari kuumbwa sezvinotevera: tora yakakura rokuremekedza doro chakawedzerwa somunhu yeHydrocarbon acids zita uye nekuguma -oat. Somuenzaniso, mashoko STRUCTURAL zvokuimba ose esters (uye isomers metamers) chaienzanirana samolecular payakavakirwa S4N802, kubudikidza nomenclatures dzakasiyana vanonzi: propilformiat (propilmetanoat) izopropilformiat (izopripilmetanoat), ethyl acetate (etiletanoat) melpropionat (methylpropanoate).

Kugadzirira esters. yeimwe aya rinoparadzirwa zvakasikwa. Saka, esters yakaderera samolecular uremu uye svikiro carboxylic acids homologous dzakatevedzana Chikamu zvinokosha anonhuwirira Zvirimwa zvakawanda (semuenzaniso, uksusnoizoamilovy Ester kana "peya chaizvoizvo" ndiro chikamu Pears uye vazhinji mavara), uye esters ose glycerol uye yakakwirira mafuta acids - kwemakemikari hwaro mafuta ose uye mafuta. Vamwe esters vakagadzirira zvokugadzirwa nevanhu.

The esterification kuita anotora nzvimbo maererano nesungano pakati carboxylic (uye chicherwa) acids pamwe alcohols. Nokuva gombedzero anoita somunhu simba chicherwa asidhi (anowanzodanwa kushandiswa H2S04). The tiwedzere Morekuru zvaanopa simba ari carboxylic acid.

Zvakaitwa yevanhu esterification kunoenderana vo kuyeuka OH boka (chikuru, yechipiri kana tertiary) chero kabhoni atomu pamusoro makemikari yezvakaita asidhi uye doro uye yeHydrocarbon cheni mamiriro, riri chokuita carboxyl.

Hydrolysis of esters. The hydrolysis maitiro (saponification) esters - ndiro neizvi maitiro esterification. Chobudira zvishoma nezvishoma. Kana kuwedzera zvakaitwa nezvakavhenganiswa, kuti musanganiswa chicherwa acids kana alkalis, ayo velocity inowedzerawo. Alkali saponification inoitika chiuru nguva kudarika acids. The esters vari hydrolyzed nenzira alkaline unosvikirwa, uye ethers - mu acid.

Pamusoro kudziyisa esters pamwe alcohols pamberi iine acid sulphate kana alcoholates (alkaline svikiro) alkoxy Exchange kunoitika. Izvi zvikonzero Ester itsva, uye maitiro svikiro iri akadzoka doro, izvo kare raiva muchimiro residues vari Esteri Morekuru.

Esters rutapudzo kuita. Kuderedza nevasori vanowanzobatwa lithium aruminiyamu hydride, yavaibvisa mu kufashaira doro. Esters soro kuramba zvinoitwa siyana oxidants kushandiswa kwemakemikari kwetunhu kana ongororo kudzivirira chidhakwa uye phenolic mapoka.

Esters chikuru vamiririri. Ethyl ethanoate (acetic Eteri) inotengwa kubudikidza esterification maitiro panyaya iyi uye acetate iine acid tiwedzere ( iine acid sulphate). Ethyl ethanoate rinoshandiswa senzira solvent kuti cellulose nitrate kweShanduro isina chiutsi gunpowder, uye Photographic firimu, muchero essences zvinoumba zvokudya indasitiri.

Izoamiletanoat (uksusnoizoamilovy Eteri, "peya chaizvoizvo") riri zvikuru soluble mu panyaya iyi, diethyl Eteri. Acetate rakagadzirirwa nokuda esterification pamusoro acids uye isoamyl doro. Izoamilmetilbutanoat senzira chinoumba munuhwi mu perfumery uye somunhu solvent.

Izoamilizovaleriat ( "womuapuro" chaizvoizvo, izovalerianovoizoamilovy Eteri) inotengwa nevanhu kuita kuti esterification isovaleric asidhi uye isoamyl doro. Akati Ester rinoshandiswa senzira muchero essences yaigadzira zvokudya.