Biology: masero. The mamiriro, basa, basa

Sero zvipenyu vakawanda anozivikanwa nechimwe chikoro hweutungamiri. We zano iwe kuzodzosera akadzidza kamwe, uyewo kuona chinhu chitsva nezvazvo. The zita "Sero" akanga aronga shure muna 1665 na wokuEngland Robert Hooke. Zvisinei, chete muzana remakore rechi19 vakatanga kudzidza zvakanyatsorongwa. Masayendisiti dzinofarira, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, basa masero pamuviri. Vangave raiumbwa dzakasiyana-siyana siyana nadzo uye zvinenge (mazai, mabhakitiriya, tsinga, erythrocytes), kana kuva yakazvimirira Utachiona (majemusi). Pasinei kusiyana kwavo, mashandiro uye maumbirwo wavo rwawana zvakafanana.

sero basa

vose zvakasiyana chimiro uye kazhinji basa. Zvingasiyana zvikuru zvakasimba uye zvinyama masero uye nhengo dzomuviri. Zvisinei, sero zvipenyu inosimbisa zvinhu zviri kuri mumashoko ose mhando dzavo. Zviri nguva dzose kwetunhu mapurotini. Izvi inotongwa majini midziyo. A Sero usingabereki synthesize mapuroteni, chaizvoizvo akafa. Mupenyu Sero - ndiye ane hurongwa kushandura nguva dzose. Zvisinei, chikuru makirasi zvinhu panguva imwe chete toramba kuchinja.

pezvakaitwa All muchitokisi zvinoitwa kushandisa simba. Izvi zvokudya, kufema, kubereka, muviri. Naizvozvo, sero mupenyu kunoratidzwa ndechokuti zvikaitika dzose nguva simba muviri. Mumwe nomumwe wavo akaita yakagovana chinokosha - kukwanisa kuchengeta simba uye kuhutambisa. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu zvinosanganisira weboka kugumbuka.

masero All mupenyu anogona kupindura makemikari kana mumuviri Kuchinja kwezvakatipoteredza akanga akavapoteredza. pfuma iyi inonzi excitability kana kugumbuka. Masero zvichisiyana pamusoro excitation uye kuora zvazvingava zvinhu biosynthesis, tembiricha, okisijeni rakawanda. In mamiriro ichi ivo kuita mabasa yaingowanikwa kwavari.

sero mamiriro

Chimiro Its rakanyatsojeka zvakaoma, kunyange zvazvo ari vaiona nyore chimiro upenyu sayenzi akadai zvipenyu. Masero vari yakarongwa intercellular fuma. Inopa navo pakufema, vachidya uye simba zvokuimba. Neerekitironi cytoplasm - huru zvinoumba sero rimwe. Mumwe nomumwe wavo akafuka Kamudzira kuvaka chinhu icho - Morekuru. Biology akawana kuti Kamudzira rine muzvizhinji kuti mamorekuru. Ivo akaronga akawanda akaturikidzana. Nemhaka Kamudzira zvinhu pinda zvokusarudza. duku Zvivako - organelles zvinowanikwa cytoplasm. Ichi endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, ribosomes, sero centre, ari Golgi yakaoma, lysosomes. Uchanzwisisa nani sei masero tarisa, kuongorora nhamba munyaya iyi.

Kamudzira

Kana kufunga chirimwa masero kuburikidza maikorosikopu (somuenzaniso, mudzi hanyanisi) unogona kuona kuti takapoteredzwa kumbonyanya gobvu nevamwe. Tine Squid hofori axon, kuti goko umo ane yakasiyana zvachose hunhu. Zvisinei, iye anosarudza izvo zvinhu zvinofanira kana havafaniri kubvumirwa kupinda axon. Cell Kamudzira basa kunoratidzwa yokuti chimwezve nzira yokudzivirira muchitokisi membrane. Kamudzira akadana "nhare muchitokisi rusvingo." Zvisinei, ichi ichokwadi chete mupfungwa kuti kudzivirira uye insulates zviri zvayo.

Zvino Kamudzira uye dzomunyika zviri musero rimwe nerimwe Kazhinji rinoumbwa zvakafanana maatomu. Tiri kutaura kabhoni, sehydrogen, okisijeni uye senitrogen. maatomu Ava pakutanga periodic table. The Kamudzira ndiyo samolecular nesefa, vashomashoma (pakukora zviuru 10 nguva duku pane pakukora bvudzi). pores varo akafanana refu yakamanikana ndima kwakaitwa rusvingo rimwe guta Ages,. upamhi dzavo uye kukwirira zvishoma pane kureba 10 nguva. Mukuwedzera, mumakomba nomusero hadziwanzowaniki chaizvo. Vamwe sero pores kugara chete chete-millionth ane mugove nzvimbo yose membrane.

moyo

Cell Biology Zvinoshamisawo tsanga sokuona. Ndicho chikuru organelle, tanga Akakwezva masayendisiti. Muna 1981, musimboti sezvayakawanikwa naRobert Brown, munhu wokuScotland musayendisiti. organelle Iri rudzi cybernetic ezvinhu, apo amatura, kubudiswa, uye ipapo uchatamisa kune cytoplasm, bhuku iri guru kwazvo. Musimboti zvikuru kukosha nedanho nhaka, pazviri kukonzera. Uyezve, anoita patsva basa kuti anogona kudzorera kuvimbika muchitokisi muviri. organelle ichi anoita zvose zvikuru muchitokisi mavambo. Kana pezvakaita mwoyo, kazhinji zviri idenderedzwa uye ovoid. Chromatin - chinonyanya kukosha chikamu organelle ichi. fuma iyi, inova zvakanaka akapendwa zvenyukireya pendi inokosha.

The kaviri Kamudzira unoravura musimboti kubva cytoplasm. Kamudzira iri chokuita Golgi kunzwisisa uye endoplasmic reticulum. On the Kamudzira renyukireya rine pores kuburikidza iyo vamwe zvinhu zvakaitika nyore, nepo vamwe kuzviita kuoma. Saka permeability pakati kodzero.

Nuclear muto - ichi yomukati makirisito kugutsikana. It anozadza nzvimbo yaiva pakati zvivako ayo. Hazvo aripo musimboti nucleoli (imwe kana dzakawanda). Ivo akaumba ribosome. Pane rakananga ukama pakati kukura nucleoli uye muchitokisi nebasa vari: nucleoli hombe kupfuura wokushingaira kunoitika mapuroteni biosynthesis; uye, Ukuwo, mumasero dzine kwetunhu kana ivo vasiri aripo kana kuti vaisakosha.

In musimboti vari okutodza. Ichi chinokosha shinda-kufanana inotungamirwa. Kunze pabonde, ari muchitokisi musimboti ane 46 okutodza dzemuviri. Ivo akanyora mashoko pamusoro nhaka unhu ane muviri, izvo chakasvitswa mwana.

Masero kazhinji vane chete chinoumba, asi pane masero multinucleated (tsandanyama, chiropa, etc.). Kana iwe bvisa mwoyo, dzasara sero ichava nonviable.

cytoplasm

The cytoplasm chinhu Hauoneki semisolid guru mucosa. Rine anenge 75-85% mvura, vanenge 10-12% of amino acids uye mapuroteni, 4-6% makabhohaidhiretsi, kubva 2 3% lipids uye mafuta, uye 1% nevamwe inorganic zvinhu.

Zviri masero riri cytoplasm, anokwanisa kufamba. Nokuda ichi optimally akaisa organelles, uye nemakemikari akadaro nani sezvo nedanho voga kuti metabolic zvigadzirwa. Other idzodzo vanomirirwa iri internet cytoplasm: zvachero growths, flagella, cilia. Cytoplasm azara pajira riya hurongwa (vacuolar) zvinosanganisira flattened mabhegi, ndiro, tubules interconnected. Vari chokuita rokunze yeplasma membrane.

endoplasmic reticulum

organelle ichi kwave zita saka nemhaka yokuti riri nechepakati chikamu cytoplasm (rakashandurwa se "mukati" kubva pashoko rechiGiriki "EndoH"). EPS - kukuru kwazvo nyika matema, sepombi, tubules akasiyana-siyana uye hukuru. Vari kusiyaniswa kubva kuna cytoplasm muchitokisi membranes.

Kune mhando mbiri EPS. Origin - granular randinogara matangi tubular, ndiro Dziine pamusoro marozari (granules). The mhando chechipiri EPS - of kumeso, kuti mvere. Granite ndiyo ribosome. Zvinofadza kuti vakawanda granular pakati EPS akaona nuclei nemasero mhuka, nepo mune vakuru kazhinji kubva kumeso zvitarisiko. Zvinozivikanwa kuti ribosome ndiyo nzvimbo kwetunhu mapuroteni ari cytoplasm. Kubva ichi, zvinganzi vaifungidzira kuti granular EPS iri runonyanya mumasero, uko basa mapuroteni usage. Agranular rezvebonde iri akatenda kuti kumiririrwa kunyanya avo mumasero apo kwetunhu anobuda vanoshingaira lipids, i.e. kwemafuta uye siyana mafuta-zvakadai zvinhu.

Vose mhando EPS haasi chete zvinobatanidzwa kwetunhu Organic zvinhu. Pano, izvi zvinhu kuunganidza uye vari kuendeswa kune achida nzvimbo. EPS zvakare anoita muviri kuti kunoitika pakati zvakatipoteredza uye sero.

ribosomes

Sero ichi non-Kamudzira organelles. Zvinosanganisira mapuroteni uye ribonucleic acid. zvikamu izvi muchitokisi vachiri kwete zvakazara kudzidza womukati marongerwo pfungwa. Munguva Erekitironi maikorosikopu iri ribosome sokunge howa kana pellets. Mumwe nomumwe wavo rakakamurwa zviduku zvikamu (subunits) pamwe paburi. Several ribosome kazhinji aibatanidza filament chaiyo RNA (ribonucleic acid) uye RNA rinonzi (ruzivo). Nemhaka organelles aya synthesized kubva amino acids mapuroteni mamorekuru.

Golgi kunzwisisa

In tubules uye lumens EPS in kuuya biosynthetic zvigadzirwa. Pano, vari kusimbiswa chaiyo chairema yainzi Golgi zvakaoma (mu nhamba kumusoro akasarudzwa sezvo golgi dzakaoma). midziyo iyi riri pedo musimboti. Iye paChikoro kuchinjwa ari biosynthesis mishonga kuti zvakakumikidzwa muchitokisi pamusoro. Uyewo, kubva Golgi kunzwisisa munyaya dzavo kubviswa kubva masero pakugadzirwa lysosomes, uye zvichingodaro. D.

organelle ichi wakashamira Camillio Golgi Italian cytologist (Makore oupenyu - 1844-1926). In rukudzo kwaari muna 1898, akanga zita unit (kunzwisisa) Golgi. Kwezvinoshandiswa ribosomes mapuroteni kupinda organelle ichi. Kana vachida vamwe organelles, akaparadzanisa chikamu Golgi midziyo. Saka, puroteni iri kuendeswa kune achida nzvimbo.

lysosomes

Kutaura pamusoro Zvinoonekwa masero uye organelles izvo zvinosanganisirei sezvamunoita dzavo, zvinokosha kutaura lysosomes. Ndivo denderedzwa iri chimiro, ivo takapoteredzwa chete-rukoko membrane. Munguva lysosomes chine makemikari kuti zvinoshatisa mapuroteni, lipids, makabhohaidhiretsi. Kana Kamudzira wakaremara lysosomal makemikari mukanamatira uye kuparadza mukati yaiva mukati muchitokisi. Somugumisiro, iye anofa.

cytocentrum

Inowanika masero, zvinokwanisa kuita kugoverana. Cell centre rinoumbwa centrioles maviri (tsvimbo masero). Kuva pedyo Golgi midziyo uye mwoyo, izvozvo chinobatanidzwa chokurukisa nokuumbwa mu nedanho muchitokisi weboka.

mitochondria

Nokuti simba organelles zvinosanganisira mitochondria (yaifananidzira pamusoro) uye chloroplasts. Mitochondria - rakasiyana simba chiteshi foni nerimwe. Kuti wabvisa simba kubva muviri. Mitochondria vari unochinja chimiro, asi kazhinji ndiwo pellet kana shinda. The nhamba uye kukura kwavo impermanent. It zvinoenderana nezvinotaurwa dzichipfekeka basa imwe muchitokisi.

Kana tikafunga Erekitironi micrograph, zvinogona kuonekwa kuti mitochondria vane membranes maviri: yomukati dzokunze. Inner siyana protuberances (kristinusko) akafukidzwa makemikari. Nokuda kuvapo mitochondria cristae kunopindirana pamusoro inowedzerawo. Izvi zvinokoshawo nezvebasa makemikari vakaita nokushingaira.

Muna mitochondria, masayendisiti akawana yakananga uye ribosomal DNA. Izvi zvinobvumira organelles izvi vaizviita kutevedzera panguva muchitokisi nokupesana.

chloroplasts

Panyaya chloroplast, ipapo chimiro ari Disc kana bhora ane casing miviri (dzomukati dzokunze). Inside organelle ichi uye vari ribosomes, DNA, uye girenayiti - yakananga membranous hurongwa chokuita dzomukati Kamudzira, uye pamwe chete. Chlorophyll iri chaiyo iri membranes of Grand Prix. Nemhaka nayo chiedza chezuva simba iri dzikwanise kwemakemikari nesimba adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In chloroplasts rinoshandiswa kuti kwetunhu makabhohaidhiretsi (aumba kubva mumvura uye carbon dioxide).

Uchibvumirana kuti mashoko pamusoro zvaanofanira kuziva kwete chete zvakaitika bvunzo zvipenyu. Keji - chivako zvinhu inoita miviri yedu. Hongu, nemhuka dzose - kunzwisisa vanochengeta nemasero. Sezvaunogona kuona, yakawanda yenhengo dzinounzwa kwavari. Pakutanga zvingaita sokuti kudzidza maumbirwo masero - zvisiri nyore. Zvisinei, kana iwe tarisa, dingindira ichi hachisi kunzwisisa. Zvakafanira kuziva kuti ainyatsoziva zvesayenzi ichi, kufanana zvipenyu. Sero mamiriro - ndiwo mumwe chinokosha dzinotaura.