Organic yeimwe vavo kupatsanura

The kupatsanura inobva dzidziso Organic yeimwe, makemikari maumbirwo A. M. Butlerova. Enderana kupatsanura - nheyo Nomenclature nesayenzi. Nemhaka yake, zvakakwanisika kupa zita nechimwe kare inozivikanwa uye itsva makemikari nyaya, vachishandisa iripo STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa.

Makirasi Organic yeimwe

Organic zvinhu dzinoiswa ne huru zvatariswa vaviri localization uye uwandu dzichipfekeka mapoka ari Morekuru uye kabhoni skeletal marongerwo.

Carbon marangwanda anomirira moiety iri zvakakwana kugadzikana mune siyana nemakemikari. Organic yeimwe vakakamurwa muzvikwata guru, apo dzimwe nyaya yacho samolecular chivako kuti makemikari nyaya.

Acyclic yeimwe (biosoedineniya mafuta kana aliphatic akakura). Izvi Organic yeimwe ari samolecular mamiriro zvinosanganisira ngaatarire kana mapazi cheni carboxylic.

Carbocyclic remubatanidzwa - mumwe chete up carboxylic nengetani - zvinogara. biosoedineniya izvi mapoka mapoka; anonhuhwirira uye alicyclic.

Heterocyclic dzinongoitika Organic yeimwe - zvinhu zviri maumbirwo mamorekuru vane chindori rakaumbwa kuti kabhoni maatomu uye maatomu nezvimwe zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana (Kwezvokudya Nemiti, Nitrogen, Sarufa) heteroatoms.

Compounds nechimwe mutsara (boka) vari rakakamurwa makirasi siyana Organic yeimwe. Organic zvinhu Kuva imwe kirasi kunotemwa nokuvapo kwayo morekuru mamwe mapoka dzichipfekeka. Somuenzaniso, makirasi Mahydrocarbon (mukirasi chete Organic yeimwe iyo havana dzichipfekeka mapoka), amines, aldehydes, phenols, carboxylic acids, ketones, alcohols, etc.

Kuti uone Organic remubatanidzwa kungova kirasi nhamba uye emit kabhoni marangwanda kana carboxylic cheni (acyclic kubatana), kuti loop (carbocyclic remubatanidzwa) kana neerekitironi (heterocyclic yeimwe). Zvadaro chiona kuti kuvapo ari morekuru makemikari nyaya dzimwe mabhomba (dzichipfekeka) mapoka, semuenzaniso, hydroxyl - OH, carboxyl - COOH, amino, imino, sulfgidridnoy boka - SH, etc. The dzichipfekeka boka kana mapoka anotsanangura biosoedineniya kuva imwe kirasi, ayo mumuviri uye namakemikari zvivako huru. Zvinofanira kunzi nerimwe dzichipfekeka boka kwete chete anoratidza ehupfumi izvi, asi inobata mamwe maatomu kana mabhomba mapoka, mawa yokuedzwa kwavo simba.

By dzinomiririra ari mamorekuru ose acyclic uye cyclic Mahydrocarbon kana heterocyclic kungatowedzera rehydrogen atomu pamusoro akasiyana dzichipfekeka mapoka akagadzirira Organic yeimwe izvo nhengo imwe kirasi. Heano mamwe mapoka dzichipfekeka kuti kusarudza nhengo ane makemikari remubatanidzwa kune imwe kirasi: Mahydrocarbon RH, halogenated Mahydrocarbon - R-Hal, aldehydes - R-COH, ketones - R1-CO-R2, alcohols uye phenols R-OH, carboxylic asidhi - R-COOH , ethers - R1-O-R2, galogenoangidridy carboxylic acids R-COHal, esters R-COOR, nitro - R-NO2, sulfonic -R-SO3H, organometallic yeimwe - R-Me, mercaptans R-SH.

Organic yeimwe kuva kwavo samolecular maumbirwo kushanda boka, anonzi Organic yeimwe nyore kushanda, vaviri kana kupfuura - yeimwe zvakasiyana mabasa. Mienzaniso Organic yeimwe nyore mabasa kungava Mahydrocarbon, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, amines, carboxylic acids, nitro yeimwe, etc. Mienzaniso yeimwe zvakasiyana mabasa angava hydroxy, keto, etc.

Kunyanya inokosha yakaoma bioorganic yeimwe: mapuroteni, proteid, lipids, nucleic acids, makabhohaidhiretsi, mamorekuru umo vazhinji akasiyana dzichipfekeka mapoka.