Chloroform kumba: nzira gadziriro, panyama ehupfumi, kushandisa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye ngozi

Chii chloroform? Izvi kwemakemikari remubatanidzwa inova yainge mvura, Hauoneki, unopinza Watermark kwakanaka uye chinonhuwira kuravira. The fuma haisi soluble nemvura, hakusi zvinobata moto, riri miscible pamwe zvokufembedzwa vakawanda.

Chepfu, kana kuratidzwa ultraviolet mwaranzi, uye kuonana navo okisijeni uchiora zvishoma nezvishoma kuva nengozi zvikuru zvinhu, kusanganisira phosgene uye kuiisa chlorine.

Akashandiswa maindasitiri uye zvokurapa zvinangwa.

nyaya

Kokutanga makemikari rave kuwanikwa muna 1831 maererano kemisiti wokuGermany Samuel Guthrie. The chikuru payakavakirwa uye zita nekuda kubatana wakaiswa French musayendisiti Dumas muna 1834.

Kwenguva yakareba, chloroform yaishandiswa maindasitiri mafomu, kunyanya sezvo solvent.

In mushonga, kokutanga nefuma rave kushandiswa 1847 sechinhu Chirungu chiremba yokutindivadza Simpson.

Asati Panovhurwa Russia akauya makore chete 50 gare gare, uye izvi chloroform dzokurapa pamusha vakauya Boris Zbarskiy muna 1916. Sezvo rufimbi chinodhaka raishandiswa chaizvo pashure kushandiswa Nikolai Pirogov.

mumuviri ehupfumi

• Remubatanidzwa wenyika Formula - CHCl _3.
• Refraction - 1,44858 pa 15 ° C.
• Kubika pfungwa - + 61,152 ° C.
• Crystallization pa 63,55 ° C.
• It urwa nemvura chete panguva tembiricha pamusoro 31 ° C muna chiduku mari.

The chloroform inoshandiswa kwezvokurapa zvinangwa uye kupinda yairambidzwa sale, rine kusvika 2% ethyl doro, iyo anoita somunhu kubatana pakati zvinoriumba uye asingauyi anoora mukomboni chezuva uye kusunungura zvinhu zvinokuvadza.

kuwana nzira

In muindasitiri pamwero kubudikidza chlorination emura mushoma.

Chloroform akanga vakazvigadzirirwa kudziyisa kuiisa chlorine uye methane (methane kana zvinhu, methyl chloride) pane imwe tembiricha 400 ° C. Zvinoguma musanganiswa anoverengeka yeimwe izvo kuparadzana kunoitika kuburikidza DISTILLATION.

Murabhoritari zvidzidzo, chloroform abudisa uye maitiro calcium hypochlorite uye acetone. Somugumisiro, pane mhando mbiri mvura vanoitwa kuparadzaniswa ne DISTILLATION.

Chloroform akabviswa mumusha akasiyana zvinhu nenzira dzakawanda.

1. Kana unobatanidza mishonga pamwe panyaya iyi, acetone kana acetaldehyde.

2. Pakazosvika electrolysis ane doro, munyu, uye yavaibvisa hydroxide (caustic pasoda).

3. Kana neshungu trichloroacetic acid.

zvokungwarira All vanobviswa kana tichishanda pamwe zvinhu. ganda pabutiro zvinofanira kuvharwa nenguvo chaiyo, zvaida kuvapo magiravhusi, magogorosi nezvifukidziro rokudzivirira kudzivisa inhalation yacho mhute akakura.

Kuwana chloroform pamba

Wana chloroform inogona kubva yakaisvonaka dhibi kana zvigadzirwa ane nayo Somuenzaniso, anokosha nzira rokuchenesa imba. Yakakurumbira ndiye mushonga "White."

The fuma inofanira hwakakanyiwa acetone regirazi kana mupurasitiki mugaba mune imwe nhamba 1 chikamu acetone kuti zvikamu 30 "nevachena". Pashure kugara, kunoguma mvura inokamukana Via imwe Kudonha fanera kupinda mumvura uye chloroform.

Kana yavaibvisa hydroxide (caustic pasoda, NaOH) kunogona kuitwa pamusha electrolysis. The girazi kana mupurasitiki midziyo zvakafanira kudira imwe doro (zvimwe panyaya iyi), wedzera munyu uye sanganisa kusvikira chikaparara. Munyu anoita somunhu gudzazwi kuitisa okufunga. Wedzera caustic pasoda, dzinosiya kuti electrodes maviri zvakabatana kuti simba kunobva. Pashure kubika chemhinduro inofanira nechokwadi ne sei Urume kutsanya kuchaitika tsapo zviende mvura (pamusoro) uye chloroform (pasi).

Heating pamusoro trichloroacetic asidhi kuti tembiricha kuti +75 ° C uye Ipwa carbon dioxide, nemiwo kuwana chloroform. Kumba, unofanira kutora mamwe matanho kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti vakachengeteka zvavo - kunodiwa kupfeka wokudzivirira chifukidzo chaiyo kudzivisa Kufema zvinokuvadza, uye kana kushanda acid, shandisa gobvu rabha Magorovhosi Chipfeko.

kunyoresa

Pakutanga, chloroform waishandiswa sezvo solvent, mune ruzhinji - kuti rabha uye mafuta.

Muna 19-20 emakore fung. - sezvo yokutindivadza panguva vakawanda kushandiswa.

Pari, chloroform rinoshandiswa:

• nokuti zvakawanda kunzwisisa zvinhu (freon, freon);
• sezvo solvent;
• nokuti Kugadzirwa kwemishonga yezvipembenene;
• munguva zvaAtemisi madhayi.

Caution - zvinhu ngozi!

Chloroform - ane fuma ngozi chaizvo, zvakangofanana sezvo yenhengo dzayo. Naizvozvo, kunyatsoona kuti "zvayakanakira" zvose uye "nezvayakaipira" usati kudzidza kuita kumba chloroform. Pashure zvose, kune vakawanda njodzi analogues nenhumbi ichi.

Chloroform - inokuvadza uye ngozi kongiri. Zvinokanganisawo muviri wose uye pakuita zvakafanira ezvidzidzo matanho okudzivirira.

Chloroform - hafu Ester remubatanidzwa uye akakurumidza kupararira nomumhepo. Kana akafumurwa kuchiedza riri kukurumidza wefodya unopinda muropa, zvichikonzera kusafarira kubva muviri wose.

The nechepakati tsinga nokupesvedzera zvinhu zviri woutsinye. By inhalation ane zvishoma akanzwa dzungu, kunzwa vakawanda kuneta, zvingava nomusoro, uye kurutsa. Kana refu vachiona munhu anorasikirwa kuziva.

Yakareba maturo kunyange mishonga duku, inokonzera chiropa uye chirwere cheitsvo.

Kana iwe kwazvo dose kuti chloroform uye kusiya munhu pasi nawo - zvichida zvinouraya.

In pakuitisa zvidzidzo zviri makonzo kwakaratidza kuti kushandiswa refu mishonga zviduku kunotungamirira kupfupfudzika, uye mhuka vakaberekwa vane refu chikamu nemagene abnormalities.

Kana ukasarudza kuwana chloroform pamba, unofanira kuva kungwarira. Kuwedzera ehupfumi ari fuma zvinofanira kufungwa kuti pane mukana nomuchetura phosgene, izvo chinoita zvakatowanda mutsekwende dzemuviri.