Background kuti yaDarwin. Dzidziso kwakabva kwemarudzi

By yechipiri yezana XIX remakore kunge yakura preconditions zvose nokuda kwaita yaDarwin. Chii chaidiwa aiva nyanzvi inopenya uye akashinga uyo aizokwanisa kuronga pfungwa itsva pamusoro pemavambo mhuka. Kazhinji, izvi zvinhu zvinogona mapoka mapoka maviri - vezvesayenzi uye socio-mune zvoupfumi.

kutsoropodzwa zvakasikwa

Charles Darwin akagadzira dzinokosha zvichemo zviri dzidziso yemhindumupindu mubhuku rake "The Origin of Species," rakabudiswa muna 1859. Ikoko akatanga akashandisa shoko rokuti "rwokuzvarwa vakasarudzwa". pfungwa Darwin akava chimurenga chaiyo zvesayenzi uye voruzhinji kuziva. The rokunyika yavose dzinotyisa vachiti, mumwe chete masayendisiti vanobvumirana, vamwe vakakonona. Chechi dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka akabva mhosva.

Izvi hazvishamisi, nokuti vanhu kwemazana emakore vaidavira kuti nyika yose uye vazadze nezvisikwa zvayo zvakasikwa naMwari. VaKristu nyaya anorondedzerwa muBhaibheri. The Pfungwa pamusoro kunobatanidza vamwe Dzinofanira kusvika pakasikwa upenyu mumutauro nesayenzi ainzi creationist. maonero aya vasina kusava kwemazana emakore akawanda. Uye chete XVIII remakore kusikwa sezvo dzidziso yakatanga vakatsoropodza kwazvo vazivi nevafungi. Ipapo preconditions kuti yaDarwin wokutanga.

pamusoro yezvakaita variability pfungwa

Muzana XVIII remakore muzivi Immanuel Kant vakasvika pakugumisa kuti nyika haina nguva dzose aripo, uye mumwe nguva. "Universal Natural History uye dzidziso wekumatenga," ake nemaonero achizoonekwa zvizere mubhuku. Rakanga rokutanga kurwiswa pamusoro Church wayo creationist maonero.

Muna 1830, muvambi inoongorora ano - zvakasikwa Charlz Layel - dzatinogona dzidziso kuti panyika kuchinja nokufamba kwenguva, zvichienderana okunze nokufamba, kuputika basa uye zvimwewo. Lyell kutanga Ndichitya akataura kuti makemikari nyika haana nguva dzose zvakafanana. Pfungwa yake hwakasimbiswa kubudikidza paleontological tsvakurudzo pamusoro zvakasikwa French Zhorzha Kyuve. prerequisites ava yaDarwin kwakatungamirira tsvakurudzo itsva.

Dzidziso kubatana yakapoteredza kwezvakatipoteredza

Yokutanga yezana XIX remakore aizivikanwa zvakawanwa, achiratidza kuti zvisikwa mumwe. Somuenzaniso, Swedish Himik Yens Berzelius akaratidza kuti zvinomera nemhuka akaumbwa chete zvinhu sezvo inorganic muviri. kemisiti German Fridrih Veler uye chiremba panguva iyoyo kwakaita kutanga kugamuchira pakutanga oxalic asidhi uye ipapo urea. vaongorori izvi vakaratidza kuti makemikari yeimwe vanogona synthesized kubva inorganic. Pakuonekwa kwavo havana kuva naMwari simba woupenyu, sezvakaita kusikwa.

Pakazosvika vokuEurope XIX remakore rakapinda mumba okumudzivo makona nyika. Achitsva Masango Africa uye polar achinaya mvura America akatuma tsvakurudzo nzendo. Masayendisiti ari kumba, akaudzawo zvezvavakacherechedza. MuEurope, akaumba zvakajeka kunzwisisa siyana sei uye kunzwisisa nyika. preconditions izvi nokuti kwaita yaDarwin kubvumira musayendisiti British kuronga hombe dura mashoko akasiyana siyana dzemhuka uye miti yose nyika.

anatomical buri

Muna 1807, wemhuka German Alexander von Humboldt aiva muvambi dzidziso kuti spatial kuparadzirwa zvipenyu kunoenderana zvinhu chokuvapo kwavo. Vateveri vake vakapfuurira kudzidza ukama pakati fauna of uye zvakatipoteredza.

Kune predictors matsva esayenzi yaDarwin. New anoranga vavapo, kusanganisira okufananidza Morphology. Anatomy, kudzidza womukati maumbirwo siyana kwemarudzi vakasvika pakugumisa kuti zvakafanana. Botanists panguva iyoyo akaita budiriro iri embryology.

Development okurima maberekero

Kuwedzera tsvakurudzo, pane zvakare zveupfumi preconditions kuti kwaita yaDarwin. musayendisiti British pamberi bhuku rake yakakurumbira bhuku "The Origin of Species" vakadzidza zvakawanda okurima maberekero. It yakatanga muna nokuvonga XIX remakore kuti zvoupfumi of British Empire.

yaitonga acquisitions Its wakawedzera. Izvi akabvumira varimi kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana papurazi tsika. Socio-upfumi prerequisites kuti yaDarwin ndechokuti kunyanya enterprising varidzi mapurazi vava artificially kuvandudza zvirimwa kuti zvimwe zvirimwa. Izvi zvakaitwa pachishandiswa kusarudzwa. Kuchinja tsika kwavo anochinjika mukuru kune mamiriro matsva ari upfumi chakaita Darwin kune yokuti yakafanana kwacho aigona kuitika zvakasikwa.

The simba dzidziso musika upfumi

Musi Chirungu musayendisiti aiva mukuru simba maonero Adam Smith Economist. Akasika dzidziso pamisika upfumi. It akasimbisa kukosha makwikwi pakati akasiyana vagadziri. Nokuda makwikwi makambani vanofanira kuramba kuvandudza zvinhu zvakabayirwa kutenga kwavari.

On yakafanana musimboti kuvaka dzidziso Darwin Origin womunhu uye dzimwe mhando dzose. Kutonga uku kwave kunzi dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. Darwin akataura kuti zvakasikwa vapone chete zvipenyu avo vari dzakashandisa kuchinja ezvinhu. In zvakatipoteredza, zvakanga, sezvo ari pamusika upfumi. Ndinoda ichi yaDarwin yokushanduka (human mavambo).

Wevanotungamirira Malthusian dzidziso

Rinozivikanwa chinzvimbo yaDarwin kuoneka, uye nemhaka kutsvakurudza of Chirungu demographer Thomas Malthus. musayendisiti ichi muzvinyorwa ake kuti ndiratidze pfungwa yokuti kwevanhu iri kukura zvakare kutsanya zvichienzaniswa kuwedzera kugadzirwa kwezvokudya. Malthus ndafunga kuti kupesana uku pakupedzisira kwaizounza vakawanda nenzara uye vasanyanye vemo.

Origin of Species dzidziso anotakura nheyo iyi yose zvakasikwa zvavo. Kupfuma tichikufunga kutungamirira kurwa pakati nyika mupenyu - Charles Darwin akapedzisa, zvomumusoro wakatangwa na Thomas Malthus. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti hunhu hwavo pachavo kuramba pakati nepakati marudzi, zvokuti zvose zvakakwana zvokudya, nharaunda, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Darwin zvinoonekwa

Pakupedzisira, vokupedzisira chinodiwa chitarisiko yaDarwin ndechake rwendo munyika mune "Beagle". Rwendo wakagara anenge makore mashanu (1831-1836). The mutsvakurudzi akatora mugove rwendo, ane chinangwa chaiva kudzidza coastlines South America. Saka Darwin aiva mukana kuona nemaziso avo hunhu kupfuura asinganzwisisiki uye kure nzvimbo panyika.

The wokuEngland wakazviunganidza vakawanda chokwadi hwakamubvumira nechokwadi Kururama dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka. Chokutanga, akawana kufanana pakati armadillos uye sloths South America uye sanganisika zvisaririra, iyo masayendisiti akawana panguva kwamira haizi pachitsuwa. Chechipiri, Darwin pachake nechokwadi kuti, pamwechete shanduko nzvimbo nzvimbo kushandura uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. Dzimwe kuti vaigara mumhenderekedzo South America, hauchafambi ukabatwa dzinopisa, pedyo neequator.

Musi Galapagos Archipelago, Darwin akaziva mumwe muenzaniso. On nechimwe muzvitsuwa boka iri akanga mumwechete oga nemamwe marudzi emhuka (namazizi, madzvinyu uye zvichingodaro. D.). Maonero Izvi zvakaita kuti musayendisiti British kufunga kuti neimwe dzoga kukura mapazi anoenderera mberi. Ose mhedziso Darwin muchidimbu achivaratidza navo somunhu matsva mubhuku rake "The Origin of Species" (1859). Pfungwa yake yokushanduka-shanduka yachinja nyika nesayenzi.