Nizhny Novgorod: muguta nhoroondo (pfupiso), mapikicha, zvinotyisa

Russia ine guta rayo rokutanga, guta guru nemagariro uye "muhomwe munyika" - saka akadana Nizhny Novgorod. History of guta riri dzichipesana pakati dzakaitika. Asi, chinhu chinogumbura haisi zvokuti musi nheyo sei mubvunzo zvaiva nzvimbo pamberi Lower Chronicle umboo uye nei zita "Novgorod" iri atarisire Specification "yakaderera".

achisimbisa Russia

Gore rokuvambwa guta riri kuonekwa 1221 ndipo. Gore rakatevera, pashure zvinobudirira danidziro pamusoro Volga Bulgars Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich akarayira kuisa guta iri pamuromo Oka River, "kumboenda akasimbisa Rus inokosha." YaMakoronike vanoti kuti akaraira kumisa munhu "guta idzva", saka zita. Asi pane dzimwe shanduro chidzoke zita. On mumwe wavo, taundi mutsva akatanga kuvaka pamusoro nzvimbo Mordovian kugarwa, uye pamusoro mumwe Nizhny Novgorod akagashira zvizere zita chokuita chinzvimbo chake: riri kuvakwa pamusoro Volga pazasi muguta rekare.

Pane shanduro maguta itsva pawned zvizhinji murwizi, uye kusiyanisa pavo, vakapiwa kaviri zita. Zvisinei, yokugara mutsva ainzi Nizhny Novgorod, nhoroondo zita reguta yakavanzwa emakore, zvichida pane nhoroondo makore ekare, prolyuschaya chiedza pamusoro mubvunzo uyu.

Pakutanga akavaka earthworks uye emapuranga Kremlin, panguva zvakanga zvakakwana kuti kuunganidza kukupfura uye kumupa pokugara. Uyewo kubva ichi inokosha yepachikomo zvakanga zvakakunakira dzinga kudenha marudzi ngwizhingwi uye tichifamba hasha danidziro. Kwapera makore mashomanana mukati masvingo kunge mvura yaro yakaita rusvingo chena ibwe mutemberi kubva panzvimbo ino uye akatanga Nizhny Novgorod.

Nhoroondo yeguta, pfupi nzendo kugutsikana

Sezvo pakuvaka Kremlin guta rakatanga kukura uye kushandiswa achida kuti zvakanga akagadzirira. Muna 1226 yakakundwa misha inoverengeka Erzya mauto zvikwata Svyatoslav uye Ivan, aiva munun'una Grand Duke. Makore maviri gare gare imwe kuedza kukunda Zyryanskaya mumisha mushandirapamwe uyu akapa muzukuru pakati Grand Duke wake naGavhuna. kubudirira kambani ndisina, asi chokwadi ichi vanhu vashoma chaizvo akamira. Muna 1229, muchando, Mukuru Duke akaita nechisimba muimba nhaka mambo Erzyan Purgasa apo akakundwa. Purgas kwete kuramba chikwereti uye muna April wegore iroro akaita kundikana kurwisa Nizhny Novgorod.

Nhoroondo guta (uye pfupiso kwayo nokudzidza folios yaMakoronike asimbise ichi renguva kuvatungamirira) rakazara rutsigiro rwemauto. Izvi zvinoratidza kukosha basa muguta. Geographical nzvimbo yakanga yakakodzera chaizvo kubva pfungwa nemaonero zvechiuto. Kudivi rimwe, kuti Kremlin yakavakwa mugomo All, izvo vaiona waterways maviri. Ukuwo, guta aiva dzinongoitika nedziviriro muchimiro kumawere pamahombekombe Volga, nguva dzose kutyisidzira kuparara rava kwavari chinhu vazhinji. Grand Duke aishuva kubudirira, inobva Russian ravarwi, asi wechiTatar-Mongol mhirizhonga akaita wose fungazve zvirongwa.

Feudalism muna Russian

Sezvo Nizhny Novgorod rakanga rakavakwa pamuganhu Russia uye havaratidzi akavakirirwa, zvinofungirwa kuti Mongol-Tatars akapisa guta panguva nechisimba, kusimbisa kana kuramba kubvuma izvi hazvibviri, matsime akanyorwa zvakachengetedzwa. Vakakurumidza vakavakazve izvozvo, yekudyidzana kusimbisa panharirire. Panguva yake remakore refu guta rave vakapfuura paruoko kuisa pakati pamachinda Russian. Papera nguva, mukupera remakore rechi13, paiva Gorodetsky kweutongi, kutongwa mwanakomana Aleksandra Nevskogo, Nizhny Novgorod akasvikopindamo.

Nhoroondo yeguta, pfupiso anogona kuwanika mumapeji ekare, anoti pakutanga rechi14, hugota pakati Gorodetsky rwapedza pasi pesimba Vladimir muchinda. Kutamburira kuti inokosha nzvimbo haana kurega: muna 1311 muchinda Moscow Yuri akakunda Nizhny Novgorod mukausima kutonga hama yake Boris.

Gavhuna kusvikira pakufa muchinda. Muna 1320, guta kamwe zvakare akapinda nhaka Vladimir weutungamiriri. Zvadaro, munhoroondo Russia akauya yerima nguva yokukunda, apo machinda Russian pamwe Mongol-wechiTatar vakundi akaparadzanisa nyika, kugadzwa pfuma miganhu itsva kuburikidza rutsigiro rwemauto. Zvakanga zvisiri kusvikira muzana remakore rechi15, chete panguva ino vagadze hwakanyatsorwisa kugadzikana, anenge yorunyararo. Moscow Prince Vasily I zvakajeka yakatora guta hugota rake. The kunoparadza hondo haina kuguma, asi muzana remakore rechi16 vakatanga kuvaka ibwe Kremlin panzvimbo yematanda. Iye zvino guru vashanyire kukwezvwa kuti vagari uye vaishanya Nizhny Novgorod. Photos muguta, mune zvinokwezva Galore, asi chikuru inhare. Maererano nguva kuvakwa nematombo Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin coeval kuMoscow.

Semiboyarshina

Muna 1605, akafa chevaux Boris Godunov, uye rufu rwake akasvika dzokutambudzika. Kusvibisa shanje mutungamiri Skopin-Shuisky muna 1610 Vakurudzirwa machinda internecine hondo, mamiriro ezvinhu haana kukundikana kushandisa vokuPoland vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata. MuMoscow, iye akakunda vanonzi Boyars Seven: kurangana, Changamire boyars vagamuchirwe guru Polish King Sigismund.

Panguva iyoyowo Nizhny Novgorod vatengesi vasina vakarangana Swedish mutungamiri Gustavus Adolphus, uye ngaave naye nemauto ake muguta. Saka, Nizhny Novgorod akanga sacked muMoscow akava namestnichat mwanakomana wePolish King Sigismund, Vladislav. Vazhinji vanhu Russian vakapopotera dzimwe utongi, akava mudzikinuri Nizhny Novgorod.

Nhoroondo yeguta, pfupiso wokusunungurwa sangano

Moscow ndiye guru uye moyo nyika, yakanga yasakara. Vladislav yaparadzwa nyika, mutemo, flouted kutenda kwechokwadi. Moscow boyars akakumbira Sigismund kuva mubati Russia, asi vaishora Patriarch naHerimogene. Akanyora nyaya uye akavatuma dzemamongi. Ikoko vakava kuwanikwa vanhu vazhinji - verenga kuzivisa pamusoro dzinoungana, vakaridza runhare kuti rusununguko rwokufamba. NaHerimogene yakatorwa vanokudzwa uye akafa pevhu nenzara. Izvi ndozvakaita kuti pave refu-yakura kupandukira kutonga wokumwe.

Panotangira sangano vakatanga Nizhny Novgorod: achitengesa Kozma Minin neuto pamwe musoro Prince Dmitry Pozharsky. In February 1612 hondo aenda pamusoro kusunungurwa Moscow, munzira akabudiswa Yaroslavl uye akamira ipapo kusvikira August. Pakazopera hondo yakapera vachifamba Moscow, asi yakanga anenge chinhu, asi Poles akapisa guta. Vakasara Polish mauto yakapfigwa muna Kremlin ndakachengeta enhare China Town. Varwi Dmitriya Pozharskogo yaaigara China Town uye vakagogodza kunze anokumhan'arira. Zvasara Polish nechisimba akanyangarika shure pamasvingo Kremlin. Kukombwa ari Kremlin masvingo akanga pfupi, ivo Poles vakaziva tariro kwenzvimbo yake uye mapfumo. Saka Minin uye Pozharsky akaponesa Moscow uye Russia kubva vanopinda nechisimba achitsigirwa izere vanhu vose.

nhoroondo kururamisira

The Feat pamusoro Minin uye Pozharsky, uyewo yose yenyika sangano vakarumbidza Nizhny Novgorod. Photo kana Moscow shongwe Minin uye Pozharsky aizivikanwa ose mugari Russia. Nizhny Novgorod akaunganidza mari kwoupenyu hwenyika shongwe magamba enyika, kuitira kuti kuisa muna Nizhny Novgorod. Asi paakagadzwa pachigaro Red Square muMoscow, uye Nizhny Novgorod chinofanira chete obelisk, iyo mari nevanhu.

Kuzadzisa chido wezvizvarwa rakanga chete muna 2005, apo Zurab Tsereteli akakandira kopi Moscow monument, uye paakagadzwa muna huru dzomuguta akafanana Nizhni Novgorod. Photos of Monument ichi ikozvino kunogona kuwanikwa pose pose, vagari vakatora chokwadi ichi sezvo chokwadi nhoroondo uye yakarurama vanozvikudza wemagamba dzavo.

Ichatonga zvine mbiri guta

Pashure inonetseka nguva munyika kunobva kutsiga uye kutumbuka kunotanga Nizhny Novgorod. Nokushingaira kuva zvokutengeserana, kuvakwa, kurima, kubata hove. Akavaka shipyard, rwokugadzira vakagamuchira mweya mutsva uye vanosundira kuti kubudirira kwakapararira. Izvi akwanise guta munharaunda pamwe Makary zvakanaka. Peter I, uyo muna 1722 vakapemberera ayo mashanu gore, akasarudza kuita ari kuchinja. Napashure Nizhny Novgorod yakava guta guru Nizhny Novgorod gavhuna. In yechipiri yezana remakore rechi18, guta akazarura mishonga, chipatara, kudhinda, ruzhinji chikoro uye wokutanga yemitambo kuRussia. Asi nguva munyika kudzivirira nehondo Napoleon raMwari.

The hondo pamwe Napoleon, kupisa Moscow akaita guta nenzvimbo kugarwa vomuUmambo zhinji inozvikudza. Panguva iyoyo zvakanzi kuti guru richabva kuna Nizhny Novgorod. Panguva iyi, guta akavhura mabhuku denderedzwa, zvinova musimboti Karamzin NM, Batyushkov KN uye vazhinji nevamwe vemifananidzo inozivikanwa neshoko. Nizhny Novgorod nevarwi kwete kushoora kuyeuka Minin uye Pozharsky uye norukudzo vakarwa nechisimba.

The Golden Age pakukura uye ndakajeka pamusoro Nizhny Novgorod ndechokuti kuchinjwa Makarevskoy nhumbi muguta. Panguva iyoyo zvakazivikanwa se "muhomwe reRussia." Mumwedzi kutengesa ose chizvarwa mugari akanga pfumbamwe vatsva. Zvakaenda panguva Nizhny Novgorod Fair kuumbwa dzakawanda mutengo nendarama, furs, sirivha uye zvakawanda. Panguva imwe chete iyoyo, vanoverengeka njanji mitsetse kukapiwa zvokutengeserana pasi, iyo akasimbisa nzvimbo yeguta, uye zvokutengeserana kuwedzera itsva atova munyika. Kunotenga Arcade, uye ikozvino vashongedze Nizhny Novgorod. Photo anoratidza runako yakare pakuvaka uye kukura kwebasa rokuvaka. Fairground kwakavakirwa vari nhangaruvazhe.

Revolution uye Great Patriotic War

Revolution hapana akauya nyore kuna Nizhniy Novgorod nguva itsva akauya pakarepo - kuwa 1917. Doom mutongi echimurenga vakawanda Nizhny Novgorod akanga Maksim Gorky (muchifamba), munharaunda chizvarwa. Gare gare, November 7, 1932, guta zita guta Gorky. Nguva pashure pokuchinja uye pamberi Hondo Yenyika II pakataurwa kwemaindasitiri mudunhu.

In May 1930 akatanga kuvaka imwe motokari chirimwa, akaipedza nemakore maviri. Pakutanga, Gorky Automobile Plant (GAZ) yakabereka lorries, yakatanga kugadzirwa mutakurwi Car mishomanana. Muna 1933, bhiriji mhiri Oka River kuti zvakazara kubatanidza zvikamu zviviri muguta, gare gare mugore iroro, akaiswa kushanda zambuko mhiri Volga.

Kubvira 1941, rose indasitiri Anomhanyira kumucheto kusvika pamusoro Victory. Vazvipiri inotumirwa mberi. On chivakwa chirimwa kuvakwa uye kuisa kugadzirwa mutsva michina mazano - motokari warrior. Munguva yehondo Gorky nharaunda yakabereka matangi, zvombo, zvombo, nokugadzirira cadres zvechiuto. Zviri panguva Gorky Automobile Plant mumakore pashure pehondo kwakatangwa mu "Kukunda" kweShanduro kunozivikanwa motokari.

Pashure pehondo, upenyu muguta kuvaka, indasitiri yakatanga, rwakazokura hwaro mupomerwi indasitiri. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, muna 1959 muguta zvakavharwa dzisisngaoni kushanya uye mutsigiro vagari vavatorwa kuvimbika vanhu. chinzvimbo ichi wakasuduruka iri 90s remakore rechi20, apo guta akadzokera zita rayo munhoroondo - Nizhny Novgorod. Photos muguta, ivo rainzwika kare kukasawedzerwa kubudirira uye kukunda Vanasekuru edu.

modernity

Nizhny Novgorod rakakamurwa mumatunhu masere, rakamiswa pamusoro zvose pamahombekombe Oka. The Old cheguta ndiwo basa netsika pakati, achingoraramira mabhanga, mahofisi, dzemitambo. In itsva chikamu, yainzi District, yakaomerera maindasitiri mabhizimisi uye dzinogarwa munzvimbo. Guta musha vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni. Kukurukurirana pakati penhindi muguta zvinopa mabhiriji mashanu, mumwe wavo anotakura Volga, uye mumwe ari zambuko pevhu. The vashanyi nguva dzose vane chikonzero kushanyira Nizhny Novgorod.

Nhoroondo guta uye zvinotyisa zviri kusimbiswa yakare cheguta racho rakashama dzezvimwe. Vanovhura kukuratidza zita nechepakati mativi ose Minin uye Pozharsky, akakokwa kufamba enhoroondo huru mumugwagwa Bolshaya Pokrovskaya, zvino iye anofamba. Guta kukura, kuwedzera ayo maindasitiri kwaniso, dzimba itsva uye dzimba Estates muri kuvakwa. Iva nzvimbo itsva yebasa, achishingaira rinotsigirwa ushanyi.

zvisakamboonekwa

mushanyi ose anoda kuona yakawanda sezvingabvira kubata nhoroondo akakwirira. MuRussia vatorwa vashanyi dzaro dzose pachava zvakawanda zvikonzero kushamisika, zvinoshamisa. Uye pfuma chaiyo kuziva - Nizhny Novgorod. Photos eguta uye zvinokwezva kuti vanokwanisa kutsvaka rinowanzova nguva hupfupi okufamba, yakanyatsofungwa zvichengetedzwe uye kubatsira kuyeuka mashoko muperekedzi kana neshamwari nezvenhoroondo yeguta.

Pearl of Nizhny Novgorod ndiye Kremlin yekare. Munhoroondo yose ivepo, hapana zvisingaiti havana vanokwanisa kukunda. Kupinda Kremlin anogona Dmitrovskie nepamagedhi dziri pamusoro mativi ose Minin uye Pozharsky. Unofanira zvachose kufamba Chkalov masitepisi. Ndicho wakarebesa manera pamusoro Volga, ane 560 matanho.

guta rekare temberi kuchaita kushamisa mufambi pamusoro mapurani yekare, vakawanda vavo kushanda. In Nizhny Novgorod, pane 3 dzemamongi: Caves uye Annunciation - evanhu wemamongi chechechi Krestvozdvizhensky - munhukadzi. Temberi soro the Volga nharaunda, 80 metres, kubva Aleksandra Nevskogo Cathedral, uyewo riri mukati meguta.

No zvishoma kunakidza uye ano nokubudirira: wakarebesa waya motokari huchikandwa mhiri Volga muna Nizhny Novgorod. The zvachose Kureba 3661 metres, akaiswa kushanda muna 2012. Interesting nzvimbo vakuru uye mbudzana imwe locomotive miziyamu pasi pakachena denga. Munopinda akasununguka, unogona kuona zvose motokari kubva mukati, kuti tione sei uye chii anoshanda. A yakawanda dzinonakidza uye zvisingatarisirwi agadzirwa Nizhny Novgorod.

Nhoroondo vana kuzarura vari miziyamu, richangobva vakadzorerwa Manor Rukavishnikov. Uyewo kuti mubereko: Museum of Art, Museum rwokugadzira National, mifananidzo Russian Museum uye vazhinji nhoroondo uye tsika nzvimbo.

Vakakurumbira vanhu

vanhu akasika Nizhny Novgorod. Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana vakaberekerwa ikoko zvikuru nyanzvi dzokugadzira, vanyori, vavambi. It akaberekwa pano uye akararama Kulibin anozivikanwa makanika uye muvambi. Minin uye Pozharsky akaita kubwinya uto Russia. Muguta rino rakanaka akaberekerwa Lobachevsky, shuga, Ilyinsky.

Rinogadzikwa kubwinya kuguta Nizhny Novgorod: munyori Gorky mutyairi Chkalov, mutambi Eugene Evstigneev. magamba mazhinji Guru Patriotic War akapa nyika Nizhny Novgorod. Nhoroondo guta uye mapikicha dzakaitika uye panguva nzvimbo uye nharaunda achachengeta kuyeuka mufambi uye achaenda chido kuuya zvakare.