Scientist Zhorzh Kyuve: Biography, kubudirira, zvakawanikwa uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Zhorzh Kyuve - musayendisiti mukuru, wemhuka, muvambi okufananidza mhuka anatomi uye paleontology. Uyu murume anorova chido chake kuongorora nyika, uye, pasinei vamwe yakakanganiswa maonero, akaita mupiro chikuru kuti kukura nesayenzi.

musayendisiti pauduku

Cuvier akaberekwa musi August 23, 1769 mutaundi Montbeliard. Little George akanga akangwara kupfuura makore ake: muna 4 Makore akanga zvakanaka kuverenga, uye akadzidzisa mai vake richiswedera. Kukwanisa kupenda musayendisiti batsira uye basa rake paleontology, apo zviri paruoko vakarondedzera mifananidzo mabhuku. mifananidzo ava kwenguva refu pashure zvakakopwa mune mamwe mabhuku nguva, saka havana yepamusoro uye akaita anobata.

Georges Leopold Kyuve vaigara varombo mumhuri dzechiPurotesitendi. baba vake rakanga kare makore, akanga akashumira French mauto musoja uye mai vake chose hwake kumwanakomana wake. Aishanda naye, uye ichibuda netsoka dzake, mumwe chirwere (Cuvier kazhinji vachirwara somwana).

inotungamirwa

Makore School, musayendisiti yemberi wakapera. Zhorzh Kyuve akazviratidza sezvo unyanzvi mudzidzi, asi akanga ane inopandukira hunhu. It pakutanga aronga kuti mukomana mberi Kurovedza pachikoro yebhaibheri uye kugamuchira musoro mufundisi, asi pavanenge ukama mutungamiriri haana kumubvumira kuti ave mupristi wechechi yePurotesitendi.

Uyezve dzidzo Zhorzh Kyuve akagamuchira Karolinska Academy panguva weVadzidzisi Vedare Cameral sayenzi (State Property Management). Pano muna Stuttgart, masayendisiti ari kudzidza utsanana, mutemo, upfumi uye mari. Nechekare payunivhesiti aifarira mhuka nyika, saka "Academy" denderedzwa rakarongwa kwake kupindura. mubatanidzwa uyu kwakatora makore 4 - sezvo George akadzidza weVadzidzisi Vedare. Nhengo denderedzwa kugoverana kubudirira kwavo duku iri kudzidza zvakasikwa, akagadzirira kutaura. Anokudzwa menduru akapiwa kugadzirwa kubva makadhibhokisi ane mufananidzo Lamarck.

Zhorzh Kyuve - the Biography of musayendisiti pamharadzano dzenzira zvoupenyu nzira

Makore Mana upenyu kukoreji wakapera, uye Georges akadzokera kumba vabereki vake. baba vangu pamudyandigere, amai havana kushanda. Somugumisiro, mhuri bhajeti yave isina, izvo zvechokwadi aisagona kungosiyiwa.

Zvadaro, pamberi musayendisiti anzwa nerunyerekupe kuti girafu pamusoro Normandy Erisi kutsvaka muperekedzi mwanakomana wake. Kuva murume akadzidza, Zhorzh Kyuve iye yakazara mabhegi ake uye akaenda kuparadzana nguva. Home of yakakurumbira Earl yaiva pagungwa, uye kwakagonesa Georges kuona zvomugungwa, kwete chete papepa asiwo kurarama. Iye noushingi akafumura Starfish, zvomumvura makonye, hove, magakanje uye crayfish, mollusks. Ipapo Zhorzh Kyuve akashamiswa kuti zvakaoma maumbirwo pakutanga peziso nyore zvipenyu. Zvakawanda midziyo, tsinga, mumasero uye nhengo wegadziriro chete yakarova musayendisiti. basa rake nezvikara zvomumvura rave inorondedzerwa rendangariro "Zoological Bulletin".

Zvidzidzo wokutanga mumunda paleontology

Mugumo XVIII remakore - ndiko kwaita paleontology. Cuvier, sezvo muvambi sayenzi iyi, ini paakapiwa mupiro mukuru wayo budiriro. Zvakaitika yake yokutanga chokuita zvazvingava, paakapiwa mugove mapfupa inowanikwa Maastricht venyama. Hoffan (zita mugari guta rino, uyo akawana mapfupa) akasarudza kutumira marangwanda akanga nechakare Cuvier muParis. Sam "mucheri" kwakauraya kuti ichi aigona kuva shato huru pfupa. Uyewo, masayendisiti akawanda vakawana zvakafanana pamwe marangwanda ane garwe, uye chechi anoita Maastricht akatora mapfupa zvasara mutsvene uye akazvitorera somunhu kakasaririra.

Scientist Zhorzh Kyuve akaramba nzira zvose izvi skeletal mavambo. Ndapedza vatevedzere basa, iye akataura kuti mapfupa ndezvaJehovha zvinokambaira yekare vanogadzira mvura Netherlands, mamiriyoni emakore akapfuura. Izvi ine huru kukura marangwanda, kusanganisira nomuzongoza, mumwe musoro huru uye shaya unopinza meno zhinji, zvichiratidza dzinodya dzimwe nzira youpenyu zvisikwa. Cuvier akaonawo dzasara hove yekare, dzemugungwa uye nezvimwe zvisikwa zvinogara mumvura, izvo, sokuti, akadyisa goroondo ichi.

Inonzi mosasaurs kuti Greek rinogona kushandurudzwa se "munhu goroondo rwizi Maas" (Meuse muna French). Rakanga chikuru zvesayenzi kuwanikwa musayendisiti wokutanga. Pashure kuita kuongorora zvisaririra ane zvisingazivikanwi fuma, Zhorzh Kyuve nheyo imwe sainzi itsva - paleontology.

Sezvo basa rakanga raitwa pamwe mapfupa

Zhorzh Kyuve akadzidza uye systematized anenge makumi mana marudzi akasiyana mhuka prehistoric. Vamwe vavo aigona vaguely chete kufanana ano fauna of, asi ruzhinji aiva nechokuita mombe, makwai, nondo.

Uyewo, masayendisiti akaratidza kuti pamberi nyika yaiva nzvimbo nezvinokambaira. Water uye nyika zviri kumusha dzakawanda dzakasiyana mhando dinosaurs. Kunyange kudenga hunodzorwa pterodactyls, kwete shiri, sezvakaita vamwe vatsvakurudzi.

Zhorzh Kyuve kuva nzira kudzidza mapfupa. Somugumisiro, pamusoro maererano marangwanda hwemhuka, uye zivo nhengo dzose dzomuviri interconnected, aigona kufunga sei anotarisa zvechokwadi kuva. Sezvo tsika inoratidza basa rake rakanga tendeka chaizvo.

Zhorzh Kyuve: mupiro zvipenyu

Kuramba mhuka kudzidza, musayendisiti akatanga kuongorora kufanana uye kusiyana navo. Somugumisiro, akava muvambi imwe kuitika zvakadai zvesayenzi sezvo okufananidza anatomi. Pfungwa yake "kuwirirana pakati nhengo dzomuviri," anodaro kuti mapazi ose uye zvivako chokuita nomumwe nomumwe, uye mamiriro avo uye functionality kuvimba zvakatipoteredza ezvinhu, zvokudya, maberekero.

Somuenzaniso, kuongorora ungulate. Rinodya uswa, Saka, ndiko kuti mazino makuru. Sezvo. Yakasimba rushaya kunoda tsime kunyatsobudirira tsandanyama, musoro kuchavawo guru hama kuna mamwe muviri. zvakafanira kuti tiine musoro zvakadai, uye naizvozvo, dzichakurukurwa muhurukuro vertebrae pamusoro remuromo nomuzongoza, uye avo kwendangariro. Herbivorous mhuka pasina fangs kana nenzara, zvimwe kuchengetedzwa pazvikara. Somugumisiro, kwaiva nenyanga. Dyarai zvokudya kwenguva refu kugaya, iyo inosvitsa kukura Vhoriyamu mudumbu uye ura refu. Dzakabudirira zvomudumbu hurongwa - chikonzero kuvapo dzakafara mbabvu uye hombe dumbu.

Uyezve basa mune paleontology, kwakaita kuti kuwanikwa zvizhinji zvaasati zvinhu. Pakati pavo pterodactyls - kubhururuka zvinokambaira kuti vakashandiswa pazvikara uye kudya hove. Saka Zhorzh Kyuve akaratidza kuti mamiriyoni emakore akapfuura, denga yaiva goroondo simba, kwete shiri.

dambudziko guru dzidziso

Zhorzh Kyuve, ane Biography kwave chokuita kukura paleontology, vakauisa Pfungwa shanduka zvipenyu. Patinodzidza Zvisaririra ezvisikwa yekare, masayendisiti akacherechedza muenzaniso: iri pamusoro akaturikidzana panyika nechepasi muri mapfupa mhuka dzine napaduku zvakafanana ne ano maonero, uye zvakadzika akaturikidzana - marangwanda ezvisikwa prehistoric.

Pasinei ichi zvakawanikwa, Zhorzh Kyuve anopesana pachake. Chokwadi kuti akaramba dzidziso seboka, zvokuti musayendisiti akapa dzidziso yake kukura fauna of panyika. Cuvier akaita pfungwa kuti panguva isingagari zvikamu Sushi chidimbu akanga nemafashamo gungwa, uye zvose zvipenyu vakafa. Pashure iyo mvura akadzokera, uye panzvimbo itsva paiva nezvimwe zvinhu pamwe idzva zviri muviri mamiriro. On mubvunzo apo mhuka idzi zvaigona kuoneka, masayendisiti anogona chete zvokufungidzira. Dambudziko dzidziso iri maitiro, t. To. Chitarisiko kwaro kwakanga Achiedza kuwiriranisa sayenzi nechitendero.

Zhorzha Kyuve pfungwa pamusoro shanduka ari fauna of aigona vavapo nokuti kuti panguva paleontology Transitional siyana akawanikwa pakati marudzi akasiyana mhuka. Somugumisiro, pakanga pasina chikonzero chokutarisira zvishoma nezvishoma shanduka kugadzira zvinenge. Darwin chete zvinganaka yakafanana dzidziso, asi zvakaitika shure kwekufa Zhorzha Kyuve.

Kusiyana kupatsanura pakati Linnaeus uye Cuvier

Kushanda mhuka uye kudzidza maumbirwo dzavo, Zhorzh Kyuve muchidimbu systematized ose fauna of munzvimbo 4 mhando:

1. Vertebrates. Izvi zvinosanganisira mhuka dzose aine gurwa marangwanda. Mienzaniso: shiri, zvinokambaira (zvinokambaira uye amphibians), mhuka uye hove.

2. Penyai. In boka iri, vose chikwata fauna of kunge aunganidzwa, waiva TOUR symmetry muviri, izvo kwese Somuenzaniso, nokuti Starfish.

3. Soft kuvatungamirira. Vane nemhuka nyoro muviri akanyudzwa zvakaoma nevamwe. Izvi zvinosanganisira cuttlefish, mussels, oysters, hozhwa, mollusks, octopuses uye zvakawanda. D.

4. Arthropods. Animals Kuva boka iri vane simba marangwanda yokunze goko muchimiro yakasimba, uye muviri wose rakakamurwa kuva muzvizhinji ine zvikamu. Mienzaniso: millipedes, tumbuyu, crustaceans, arachnids. Zvisiri zvakaipa pano uye vamwe makonye.

Linnaeus, mukusiyana kuna Zhorzha Kyuve, akasarudzwa 6 pakubhadhara izvi: zvinokambaira, shiri, mhuka, hove, zvipembenene nehonye (pano ndezvaJehovha zvinokambaira uye amphibians). Maererano taxonomy, kupatsanura mhuka nokuda Cuvier kuwana yakakwana, uye saka kushandiswa kwenguva refu.

An dzinonakidza chokwadi muupenyu musayendisiti

Kamwe mudzidzi Cuvier akasarudza kuridza nzira paari. Kuti aite izvi, akaisa pamusoro sutu uye gwai, apo mudzidzisi avete chinyararire vakafamba pamusoro pamubhedha wake. Akati: "! Cuvier, Cuvier, Ndichakupfuurai mudye" George ainzwa hope dzake uye akaona akaparadzana nyanga, ipapo chinyararire akati, "Iwe hausi mumwe chinorura, usaswedera kwandiri vadye."

Panewo Cuvier mazwi vose nhengo uye nhengo dzomuviri mhuka dziri zvinodyidzana. Rinoti "muviri mumwe kunofambidzana rose. Individual zvikamu hazvigoni kuchinjwa pasina anokonzera kuchinja mune vamwe. "

kubudirira

An musayendisiti kunoshamisa mumunda paleontology panguva kwainzi ari Zhorzh Kyuve. Brief Biography rinoti muna 1794 musayendisiti kushanda itsva Museum of Natural History. Ikoko akanyora basa rake pakutanga pamusoro entomology, izvo chakaratidza kutanga chakakomba basa nesayenzi.

Muna 1995, Cuvier akatanga kugara Paris. Kwapera gore, akatora cheya mhuka anatomi panguva Sorbonne uye akagadzwa nhengo National Institute. Makore mashomanana gare gare akava nyanzvi panotangira weDhipatimendi okufananidza anatomi of University muParis.

Nokuti pamabasa ake kwesayenzi Zhorzh Kyuve akagamuchira peerage weFrance uye akava nhengo French Academy.

mhedziso

Cuvier akaita mupiro wakakura kuti pave okufananidza anatomi uye paleontology. basa rake rakava hwaro humwe kudzidza mhuka, uye kupatsanura waro rachengetedzwa kwenguva refu. Uye kunyange kana akanga asiya anoverengeka pamazano mumunda-shanduka, musayendisiti akafanira kurumbidzwa uye kuzivikanwa nokuda vakawanda mabasa.

Zhorzh Kyuve akafa May 13, 1832.