Western Front of World War First: kurwa

Asi raigona vaifungidzira chokwadi pamberi hondo kuti Western Front achabvisa yakawanda upenyu. Pano, tiri pamusoro vaviri pundutso huru - French uye German. Muna 1871, Bismarck akatora kubva Napoleon III, nharaunda yeAlsace uye Lorraine. The chizvarwa chitsva vavakidzani chaizvo kutsiva.

kubvuta German

Maererano Schlieffen plan, mauto eGermany kurova kukurumidza akundwa ake chikuru aikwikwidza mudunhu - France. Kuitira kugadzira nzira yakatinakira Paris, vachironga akandosungawo Belgium uye Luxembourg. The zviduku kwavabati yavaibatisa Nyamavhuvhu 2, 1914. Rakanga wokutanga sitiroko yakaitwa pamusoro payo. Western mberi akazarurwa. Mazuva maviri gare gare, Belgium akanga achirwiswa, izvo vakaramba kubvumira kurwisa mauto nomunharaunda yacho.

Hondo huru mazuva hondo yokutanga anonzi kukombwa nhare Liege. Akanga chinokosha pfungwa kuyambuka rwizi Maas. The muchiuto mashandiro kwakaitika kubva August 5 kusvika 16. Vaitsigira (36,000 reservists) vava 12 nhare 400 pfuti. Maaskaya kumurwisa hondo yakanga anenge 2 nguva yakakwirira (anenge 60 zviuru mauto uye vatariri).

The guta kwainzi chinhu haripindiki nhare, asi akawira rekukwazisa vokuGermany akabudisa kukombwa atirari (12 August). Zvichitevera kuwa Liège, August 20 munyika guru - kweBrussels, uye musi waAugust 23 - Namur. Panguva iyoyowo, mauto French akaedza remuSamoa zvipinde uye vawane nzvimbo pakati nharaunda yeAlsace uye Lorraine. Zvaizobuda Kukomba kwaiva Implementation munhu nokukurumidza kutanga mauto eGermany. Panguva iyoyo mushure August kurwa, zvakava pachena kuti nokusimbaradza yekare mhando haasi kukwanisa kudzora mauto vakapakata zvombo zvitsva - XX remakore.

Little Belgium nokukurumidza akasiya, uye kurwa zvaitambidzwa mutsetse pamwe France, uko kwaakandogara ari Western Front. 1914 - zviri zvakare nhevedzano hondo pakupera August (the Ardennes oparesheni, Hondo Charleroi uye raiva Mons). Uwandu mauto kumativi ose vakapfuura mamiriyoni 2. Pasinei nokuti French 5th Army akabatsira mapoka anoverengeka British mauto kubudikidza September 5 Kaiser asvika Marne River.

Battle of Marne

Kurangarira Berlin Command aiva Paris zvinokukanganisa. chinangwa ichi chaiita kuvapo, nokuti munhu dzakabatana vaitova kure 40 makiromita kubva guru French muna September mangwanani. On the Western Front muna 1914 aiita kusimbisa sakodzera kubudirira Kaiser wake General Staff.

Yakanga panguva iyi Entente mauto vakaenda yemabhuku-kurwisa. Kurwa kwakapararira munzvimbo yakakura. Panguva yaikosha kubatsira French akasvika Moroccan Division. Varwi vakauya kwete chete munjanji, asi kunyange nokubatsira munhu tekisi. Yaiva nguva yokutanga munhau apo hondo sezvo chokufambisa nemotokari dzinoshandiswa yakawanda. Kukurukurirana wehondo German akanga akatambanudzwa mhiri Belgium uye replenishment mu manpower amira. Uyezve, imwe 5th French Army akaputsa kuburikidza muvengi dzakadzivirirwa uye akaenda shure, apo masoja akawanda German akakanda muna East Prussia, apo Russia akazarura North-Western Front. Achiona izvi, General Alexander von Kluck akarayira kuti shure.

Masoja of Triple Alliance akagamuchira simba mupfungwa zvikuru. Gavhuna yevashandi kwakaita kuti ndechokuti musungwa akatora varwi avete. Zvisinei, France neEngland havana kukwanisa kushandisa kukunda kwake. Nokutambudzwa yakanga usimbe uye anononoka. Vatsigiri vakatadza ndiparadzemo kutiza vavengi uye muzadze makwanza avo kuzvidavirira.

By October, zvinoshingaira kurwa kuendeswa kuchamhembe, pedyo nemhenderekedzo. The inifanduri kumativi ose vakaedza yokunzvenga yomuvengi parutivi. Kubudirira kwave shanduka, kusvikira pakupera kwegore hapana akakwanisa kubata munhu mutsindo nokurova. On Christmas Eve, vamwe mapoka asati agadzwa akabvuma vanorega-moto. Mumwe nyaya anogamuchira zita "Krisimasi chibvumirano".

goronga hondo

Pashure zviitiko Marne dzokuMadokero Front of World War First akachinja hunhu pavanotaurirana. Zvino vavengi midzi munzvimbo dzavo, uye hondo vakava positional yose 1915. Blitzkrieg plan, rakanga kare vakarangana muBerlin akakundikana.

Nguva dziri kure pakuedza mapato kuenderera mberi vakatendeuka nenjodzi. Saka, pashure kurwisa muna Champagne dzairwisa akarasika vanhu hapana asingasviki zviuru 50, okuchembera chete hafu kiromita. Maererano Muchiitiko Battle yakafana Neuve Chapelle musha, apo Britain vakafirwa masoja anopfuura zviuru 10, okuchembera 2 chete makiromita. Western Front of World War First dzachinja kupinda kupfuura munhoroondo nyama mukuyi.

Unogona uyewo kuenda mberi vokuGermany. In April uye Dai kwaiva kurwisana Ypres, rwakazokura zvinosuruvarisa nomukurumbira uye nemhaka kushandisa gasi rinouraya. Kugadzirira nokuda kwejana ichi zvinhu inifanduri vakaparara, kurasikirwa zviuru. Mushure Kurwisa yokutanga muhondo pakarepo vakaunzwa zvifukidziro, izvo zvakabatsira kuti vapukunyuke kunenge kushandiswa pamusoro gasi chombo wehondo German. Total nezvinhu pana Ypres Entente vaiva 70 zviuru vanhu (muna German Empire - hafu). tsamwisa kubudirira kwave mashoma uye, pasinei vakawanda, mupomerwi mutsetse akanga asina kutyora.

Vachirwisana panguva Western Front Artois. Pano, mubatanidzwa wemauto airwisa Germany vakaedza kutanga kwacho kaviri - mu chitubu uye kwematsutso. Both akavhiyiwa vakatadza, kwete mudukusa nokushandiswa zvigwagwagwa Reich.

Hondo Verdun

Kuuya chitubu 1916 ari Western Front of World War First, akasangana nevanhu pamwero mukuru vemauto akavhiyiwa munzvimbo eguta Verdun. Kusiyana yapfuura kushandiswa, zvakakurumbira inotevera hurongwa kurwiswa yaiva veuto German dzaona pamusoro rakamanikana nomunda. By nguva ino - pashure akatevedzana ropa hondo - mauto German kungorega haana zvakakwana zvedu kufambisira mberi pamusoro navanopinda nzvimbo, sezvo zvakanga Somuenzaniso, musi Marne muna 1914.

Chinokosha kurwisa vakatanga kutokonora iyo aparadza dzakavakirirwa nzvimbo nyaya Third Republic. Mushure kubhomba akaparadza nhare yacho inifanduri inogarwa. Uyezve, ichi zvombo itsva yakaita flamethrowers yaishandiswa. With pakutanga chakakandirwa of Triple Alliance mauto akawana zvine urongwa danho.

Panguva iyoyo, Russia akaramba achinetsa zvavo Northwest Front. Lake naroch tsamwisa akatanga kukwirira Verdun zviitiko. Uto The Russian akaita feint munzvimbo ano Minsk nharaunda, pashure izvo Reich murayiro vakasarudza kutamira chikamu ehondo ayo kumabvazuva, kwevavakawana muBerlin, pane vakatanga neimwewo inogumbura. Kwaiva kukanganisa, nokuti ayo chikuru ichivhuvhuta akarova Russia yakananga Austria-Hungary (Brusilov Kurwisa).

Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi muenzaniso akasikwa. Western uye Eastern fronts panguva vakaneta hondo Kaiser raMwari. Muna October, pashure vanoverengeka vomunharaunda kukundikana rechiFrench akasvika mitsetse ivo rakaitirwa February kusvika pakutanga muvengi inogumbura. No nemigumisiro inokosha haina kusvika Germany. Huwandu Nokurasikirwa kumativi ose zvasvika vanhu vanopfuura zviuru 600 (vakauraya 300 zviuru).

The Battle of Somme

Muna July 1916, apo Hondo Verdun yakaenderera mberi, mubatanidzwa wemauto airwisa Germany vakatanga yavo kwokubatana kurwisa mumwe mberi. Mashandiro ari Somme akatanga aine atirari yakawanda, iyo inoitwa vhiki. Pashure vakaronga kuparadzwa muvengi kwezvivako, sangano rayo kutanga inifanduri.

Sezvo aiva pamberi, muna 1916, Western Front yakanga runozununguswa refu uye kuramba tichishanda hondo. Zvisinei, zviitiko Somme arangarirwa munhoroondo anoverengeka zvinhu. Chekutanga, pakanga pakutanga kushandiswa matangi. Vakanga afunga yeBritain uye michina yakasiyana kusakwana: Kurumidza yakapararawo uye akavhuniwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, izvi hazvina kutadzisa idzva chigadzirwa chikonzero chakakura mupfungwa kukanganisa muvengi inifanduri. Active rinotyisa vakapararira kana chete chimiro asina musoro unyanzvi. Kubudirira uku akapa chakakomba zvakasimbisa kukura tangi. Chechipiri, zvakavanakira dzakatsigira zvemuchadenga kuongorora, iyo inoitwa kuitira kundorondedzera muvengi nzvimbo.

Fighting zvaiitika, uye kuneta vakatora nguva refu hunhu. By September, zvakava pachena kuti mauto matsva muGermany zviripo. Somugumisiro, mumazuva Mumatsutso dzairwisa rokutanga advance zvakadzama zvinzvimbo muvengi pa akawanda makumi makiromita. September 25 rakazvipira urefu, aiva inokosha kukosha mudunhu.

Western pamberi War World ropa zvikamu German izvo wakarwa vanoverengeka vavengi chete. Vakarasa inokosha uye akavakirirwa zvinzvimbo. Somme uye Verdun zvakatungamirira kuti mubatanidzwa wemauto airwisa Germany vakatapa inokosha zvinobatsira uye ikozvino vaigona kumanikidza yehondo Kaiser uye tsvimbo yake.

Hindenburg mutsetse

Events vector yachinja - shure vaikungurutsa Western Front. World wakapinda idzva danho. Varwi Imperial wakasuduruka nokuda Hindenburg mutsetse. Yaiva gadziriro masvingo makuru papi. Akatanga kuvaka kunyange panguva zviitiko Somme maererano nemirayiridzo Paul of Hindenburg, uyo rukudzo ainzi. Field Marshal akatamiswa kuti France pamusoro Eastern yemitambo remapazi, kwaakanga vakabudirira Akarwa Russian Empire. Its mhinduro vanotsigira zvimwe muchiuto mufananidzo - Erich Ludendorff, vaitsigira yebato reNazi vachimutsa musoro wayo mune ramangwana.

Line zvakavakwa yose yechando 1916-1917 wacho. Rakanga muzvikamu 5 mitsetse, vakagamuchira mazita evanhu ari German yakakura. Western pamberi World War 1 kazhinji akayeuka makiromita pemigero uye Barbed waya. Mauto pakupedzisira yakatamiswawo muna February 1917. The shure Akaperekedzwa kuparadzwa mumaguta, migwagwa nezvimwewo kwezvivako (yakatsva pasi).

Nivelle tsamwisa

The pakutanga kurangarira Hondo Yenyika Wokutanga? Western Front - chiratidzo pakati chinangwa yevanhu vakaurayiwa. "Slice uye mijenya Nivelle" akava mumwe nematambudziko mukuru munhoroondo kunetsana ichi.

Mukushanda iri mhiri Entente akanga akapindwa vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 4, apo Germany akanga mamiriyoni 2,7 chete. Zvisinei, kushandisa kumahombekombe zvakanga zvisingaiti. Nguva pfupi asati rikaposherwa vokuGermany vakatapa musoja French akanga ane urongwa kushanda kunyora. Saka akaziva Kusaona diversionary nokurwisa, kugadzirira Britain. Somugumisiro, kushandiswa kwaro yaitwa razero.

Hazvibetseri tsamwisa Musanyura, uye mubatanidzwa wemauto airwisa Germany vakanga vasingakwanisi kupaza yomuvengi kuzvidzivirira. Nokurasikirwa kumativi ose vakapfuura hafu yemiriyoni. Pashure kukundikana muFrance vakatanga kuramwa uye Kusagutsikana pakati yevagari.

Uyewo kuziva kuti mune mukurumbira wakashata kurwisa chikamu hondo Russian. Russian Expeditionary Force yakaumbwa zvakananga kuti mabhuku acho kusvika Western Europe. Pashure nazvo zvakawanda April-May 1917 zvakanzi emauto akadzingwa mabasa uye mauto asara vanotumirwa kune mumwe musasa pedyo Limoges. Mumatsutso varwi yakamira imwe nyika vakamukira, uye mushure October Revolution payakatanga, mumwe munhu akadzokera yekurwira, vamwe vaiva miti pakupedzisira, uye wechitatu vakaenda Algeria uye muBalkans. Mune ramangwana, mapurisa akawanda vakadzokera kunyika yavo uye vakafa muna Civil War.

Pashendeyl uye Cambrai

Summer 1917 pakataurwa Third Hondo Ypres, iro rinozivikanwa nezita muduku musha Pashendeyl. Panguva ino, murayiro British akasarudza kuputsa Western Front. World kumanikidzwa kuyeuka zvakawanda mapoka ari Empire zvinhu. Zviri pano kuti akarwa vakawanda Canada, Australia, New Zealand uye South Africa. Expeditionary Force akagamuchira yokutanga vakawanda kurasikirwa nokuda kushandisa muvengi mutsva gasi chombo. Raiva gasi netsanga kana yemasitadha, iyo yakarova kufema zvomukati, masero vakaparadzwa, vakanetseka muviri kuti makabhohaidhiretsi pamuviri. Madzoro Field Marshal Douglas Haig vakafa zviuru.

Impact dzinongoitika ezvinhu. marshes Local vakavigwa pasi rinorema mvura, uye aitofanira kufamba gobvu madhaka. The British akarasikirwa anokwana 500 zviuru vanhu vakauraya uye vakuvadzwa. Progress zvaibvira chete kwenguva makiromita mashoma. Hapana aiziva kana mugumo 1 World. Western Front akaramba nekuvavaza.

Chimwe chinokosha chirongwa of British - tsamwisa pa Cambrai (November-December 1917), apo munhu kusvikira kusingaenzaniswi kubudirira Matangi yaishandiswa. Vakakwanisa kuwana kubudikidza mutsetse Hindenburg. Zvisinei, zvinopesana neizvi rutivi nemhanza akanga lagging seri inifanduri uye somugumisiro, achitambanudza kukurukurirana. Muvengi akatora mukana uyu, ane hwakakwana counterattack uye akakanda British yavo yepakutanga nzvimbo.

The kupera mushandirapamwe

Sezvo muna 1914 Front Western kusvikira mumwedzi mishoma hondo kushanda haana kuchinja nzvimbo yayo. Zvinhu zvakaramba mudanga chete kusvikira nhambo apo simba Bolsheviks yakatangwa Russia, Lenin akasarudza kumisa "hondo imperialist". Zvisinei, nyika yakanga ichinonoka kanoverengeka nokuda kukanda vakatumwa vacho, inotungamirirwa Trotsky, pashure kurwisa vokuGermany chibvumirano vachiri yakanga yakasainwa musi waMarch 3, 1918 Brest. Pashure paizvozvo, kubva kumabvazuva kukurumidza 44 nemapoka zvakave.

Uye musi waMarch 21 akatanga vanonzi chitubu tsamwisa, raiva rokupedzisira zvakakomba kuedza kubudikidza hondo Wilhelm II kumanikidza mararamiro hondo. Mugumisiro remapazi akawanda akanga kumanikidza Marne River. Zvisinei, pashure kuyambuka akakwanisa kufamba makiromita 6 chete, zvino muna July, mubatanidzwa wemauto airwisa Germany yakatanga mutsindo pakaunda-kurwisa, yainzi zana zuva. In pakati Amiens uye Saint Miyelsky dzakawanda dzakanga successively zvachose pakati Aug. 8 November 11. Muna September, zvakatanga wemauto rapotserwa kubva paGungwa North kuna Verdun.

Kutanga zvoupfumi uye MuGermany, munhu anobatsira vanhu dambudziko. Mwoyo mauto mapfumo chirwirangwe. The Kukundwa yakanga yakawedzera ndechokuti United States vakabatanawo dzairwisa. mapoka American vakanga vakadzidziswa uye azere simba, kusiyana nevaya vari mhiri pemigero, izvo rakungurutswa kubudikidza 80 makiromita. By November, hondo akanga atova Belgium. 11 nhamba muBerlin maiva chimurenga, nokuparadza simba William. Hurumende itsva dzakasaina imwe nguva yekumbotaurirana. Kurwa ikanyarara.

zvabuda

Pamutemo hondo chete June 28, 1919, apo kuMudzidzisi chibvumirano yakanga yakasainwa muna Palace chomuVersailles. Zviremera muBerlin kunge wakanyengwa kubhadhara indemnity huru, kupa chegumi ndima munyika, demilitarization. Kwemakore mashoma upfumi munyika yakanga mukusanzwisisa nyonganyonga. Mark depreciated.

How vakawanda vakatora Hondo Yenyika Wokutanga? Western Front akava nzvimbo huru ehondo mumakore kunetsana. On mativi ose rufu mamiriyoni anoverengeka vanhu, vazhinji vakakuvadzwa, contusion kana kupenga kuti. Kushandiswa pakubhadhara matsva zvombo sezvo kumbobvira deredza upenyu hwevanhu. New ruzivo akawana njere. Western Front, nokurohwa wokutanga waiva sezvakanga yakaipa sezvo kurwisa pashure 4 makore, akaramba asiri kuporesa vanga munhoroondo Europe. Pasinei nokuti ropa hondo kwakaitika dzimwe nharaunda, vakanga vasina nzira dzinokosha kukosha zvakadai. Rakanga riri muBelgium uye French ivhu uto reGermany akatambudzikira zvakakura varasikirwa.

Zviitiko izvi vakanga mumatauriro netsika: mabhuku Remarque, nuori, Aldington nevamwe. Heino jaya koporo Adolf Hitler. Chizvarwa wake vakamushatirisa zvisina Zvaizobuda hondo. Izvi zvakaita kuti ikure chauvinistic mafungiro ari neWeimar Republic, vaNazi vakauya simba uye nokutambudzika Second World War.