"Tunguska" (mhepo kuzvidzivirira chombo-pfuti hurongwa): tsanangudzo huru unhu

With kuvandudzika mhepo kurwiswa zvingangodaro anokumhan'arira mukupera sixties kwaidiwa itsva mhepo kudzivirira hurongwa. Imwe neimwe nzira rokurwisa kubhururuka zvinangwa ine mikana, asi hazvisi kwakakwana uye pasina kwokusakwana. Mumwe kuedza kuumba chombo ichiita mabasa akawanda aikwanisa kuparadza huru panguva dzakakwirira siyana, vakava Soviet IRC "Tunguska", kutamira panguva aimhanya siyana. Chokwadi kuti shure codename ichi, uye chii vaiva preconditions waro chitarisiko mubasa, ichakurukurwa munyaya ino.

Rocket-antiaircraft pfuti kana pfuti?

In yechipiri yezana XX remakore, chikuru nzira yokuzvidzivirira akava chitundumuseremusere. Its nani kwakaoneka panguva akakurumbira chiitiko muna 1960, apo musori ndege achibhururuka ari kusvikira haungambofari pakakwirira, akapfurwa pasi Soviet mhepo kuzvidavirira. rikawira At mwero yakawanda zvombo kupfuura atirari goko, uye yakakwirira. Zvisinei, iye Ane, chinokosha drawback - mutengo, asi nokuda kwake, kana paine mubvunzo yakachengeteka mhepo miganhu, rwurege. Mukutanga 80-ies Soviet Army akanga mhepo kuzvidzivirira chombo-pfuti yakaoma 2C6 "Tunguska", inova zvinofamba kunzwisisa, kubatanidza uye zvinoita zvokukandwa uye atirari zvombo. mikana yakadaro, kubatanidza "vaviri mumwe" panguva iyoyo haana chimwe mhepo kudzivirira hurongwa munyika. Kuti kuona kudiwa zvakadaro rudzi maoko, akatora zvakaoma kuongorora nemauto nokurwisana panguva kuti kwakaitika ipapo, Sezvineiwo, miganhu yenyika yedu.

Experience kushandisa SLM uye zvinonyatsorehwa yokuti "Tunguska"

Muna 1973, kuMiddle East. Panguva nezuva Kippur War, Soviet mapurisa vanachiremba vaibatsira Arab nyika-vatori makakatanwa, kusanganisira Ijipiti.

October 15 Tracking dzemapurisa Egypt vakarohwa kuswedera kubva muMediterranean boka Israeli "Phantoms", zvinosanganisira yakawanda ndege. Vaiva yakaderera kukwira, achiuya pamusoro Nile Delta.

Vavariro muvengi vaiva airfields muIjipiti. Saka Israeri Air Force vezvikepe vakaedza kudzivisa ngozi nokurohwa zvombo Anti-ndege kuti gadzira Soviet, vaikwanisa kurova ndege kubhururuka panguva svikiro uye yakakwirira altitudes, asi vari kumirira kuti kushamisika hachifadzi. Pakati dzakawanda mutero panguva confluence yorwizi vekare vakapinda vaEgipita gungwa kuiswa matanda, pontoons Anti ndege "Shilka" kuzvidzora propelled pfuti, chaizvoizvo vsporovshie ndege fuselages uye "Phantom" yavo anokurumidza vachiridzira pfuti. ZSU izvi aiva pachavo radar kwavo uye kushandisa michina yakanaka kwazvo, kunobatsira richitungamirira nechinangwa moto, uye akashandisa North vokuVietnam mauto panguva kuratidzwa American kurwisa. It anova ZSU "Tunguska" Mupfungwa, wake wenhaka. SAM mhepo kudzivirira akanga yemararamiro yepazasi Pamuganhu urefu, uye kuzvidzora propelled Anti-ndege kugadzwa - pamusoro. Uye Soviet Union yakasarudza nokubatanidza nezvaanogona idzi mhando mbiri mhepo kudzivirira zvavo chete hurongwa.

Species zita uye nadzurudzo

The kunzwisisa akapinda basa pamwe Soviet Army muna 1982, pakarepo pashure kusunungurwa Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant mci kutanga experimental batch mangé michina. Kubvira pakutanga chaipo, basa racho Classified pamusoro chakavanzika, ichi anotsanangura vamwe kusiyana Coding, nhamba uye tsamba, yaakanga asarudzirwa pachena soumambo. Dzimwe nguva zita rinooneka pachaunga 2S16 ( "Tunguska"). Air kuzvidzivirira chombo hurongwa nemazvo runotaurwa 2C6, sokuti, paiva chikanganiso typographical, kunyange zvazvo zvichiita kuti "16" - Uyewo zvimwe mhando. Improvement emauto michina maitiro, zvakajairika tsika mumauto zvose zvenyika. Akazviratidza "Tunguska-M" muna 1990. Antiaircraft pfuti-chombo hurongwa yave upgraded vakanotora mutsva utariri zano, izvo zvinosanganisira munhu Laser rangefinder, ari determinant kuti "shamwari kana muvengi", uye simba chirimwa hwava kudzokororwa upiyona simba chikwata.

Mazuvaano mabasa kunge kwakatanga, uye pashure muSoviet kuparara iri rakaoma 90s. Mugumisiro vakava pfuti-chombo yakaoma "Tunguska-M1", iro Kuziviswa rwakazokura kuwanika nokuti kuti nadzurudzo iyi aivigirwa, kunyanya mu India. Bumbiro remitemo rinowanzoshandiswa - 2K22. Izvi fekitari rokuti IRC "Tunguska". Antiaircraft pfuti-chombo hurongwa ane NATO "zita" - "SA-19 Grison".

Electronic meso uye pfungwa

Kubva zita zvakaoma zviri pachena kuti ayo chombo inoumbwa zviviri zvinoti - the atirari uye Anti-nendege chombo chinoita zvokukandwa. Vaviri zvinhu izvi vane nhungamiro hurongwa, asi radar, kuti nechokwadi aibuda mashoko mumhepo ezvinhu, ivo kugovana (hunyambiri-bhendi). Ndivo "Maziso" vari kutsvaka chinangwa mune tenderera nzira. Sector mazita Nokuraramisa chiteshi inopiwa, uye kana mukana Tarisana zvinogamuchirika uye kushandisa Manyiminya nzira.

Ichangobva Hurongwa harisi chete kugona kuona yako kana mumwe munhu motokari, asi vo yakavimbika kushuma rudzi aro chinhambwe 18 km.

2C6 (kana ZRPK 2S16) "Tunguska" kungaita club zvemuchadenga vanonangwa pamusoro algorithms akawanda (anononoka,-akabatana matatu chisina kutsetseka maviri-batanidza), achishandisa mashoko kubva yavo radar kana kwokunze radar zvechitima. It anoita zvakafanira Masvomhu akavaka TSEVM bhodhi. Masikati vamwe nzira kuenderana kuzvidzora kana vachiridzira rinoitwa rwoga, zvichienderana electronic pakaunda uye chipingaidzo pamwero. Kana hazvibviri kuti otomatiki Masvomhu moto iri Chinyorwa nzira.

atirari

Self-propelled Anti-ndege chokugadza "Shilka" (ZSU-23-4) akaratidza kuti zvikuru kubudirire, asi kuguma 70s rikaregwa kusangana kuita zvinoitwa mumauto eSoviet. Claim rinotaurwa zvikurukuru kukwana caliber (22 mm) ane mugumisiro nharaunda zviduku pamusoro lesion. ZRPK nepfuti 2S16 "Tunguska" mamwe tridtsatimillimetrovye simba, uye nokuwanda yakaderera nezvikamu hafu, vakava maviri. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitika kana shoma iri nani. The vachiridzira siyana yakawedzera kubva 2.5 kusvika 8 km, uye kusimba moto, pasinei yepazasi nhamba dzakanzi, yakawedzera kubva 3.4 5 vaitenderera paminiti.

zvinokandwa

The chombo chikuru zvakaoma - maviri padanho raitungamirirwa chombo 9M311. Akaronga kunakidza chaizvo. Danho rokutanga - hwakasimba mafuta, ari lightweight Washington City Offices ruoko uzere mafuta. In chechipiri, kunokunda ndiite zvakananga, hapana injini, chinoita sokuti atirari projectile ane kupomba yakawanikwa panguva kumhanyisa, asi izvozvo zvinogona kudzorwa nokuda gasi jenareta dzinongoda ari muswe mugove. Kukurukurirana chete chombo kudzora yemapurisa - optic kuti inopa kutapata akakwana. Aiming rinoitwa munyika semiautomatic rudzi achishandisa redhiyo murayiro lettered frequencies yakaiswa pakarepo asati kutangira ZRPK "Tunguska". Air kuzvidzivirira chombo-pfuti hurongwa wayo hushande anobvisa mukana wemagetsi gamha uye Redirect zvombo. Kuti ave nechokwadi kukundwa kurova kubaya harudikanwi, kuti fiyuzi rinopa kuwedzera tsvimbo unoshamisa okunze panguva vakada kure contactless nzira. launchers masere.

chassis

The mufambo mhepo kudzivirira zvinhu zviri frontal nzvimbo chiito iyo, chokwadi, iri kunzwisisa, hazviiti pasina simba, yakavimbika, uye mukuru-nokukurumidza giya dzakakwirira motokari. Kuti ichengetedzwe zvekushandisa, kwakasarudzwa kugomo Anti-nendege chombo uye nepfuti gadziriro 2K22 "Tunguska" iri chassis of GM-352 kare dzakabudirira kuzvidzora propelled "Wasp". Nokukurumidza Machine iyo anova pamwe huru, - 65 km / h, mune kure-munzira kwenzvimbo kana kuidzvinyirira sezvingatarisirwa kudzika (kubvira 10 kusvika 40 km / h). The Diesel Injini-46-2S1 vanokwanisa 710 litres. a. Rinotibatsira vatungamirire angled 35 °. Suspension pamusoro rollers nomumwe makonye, aine hydro-pneumatic actuators kusanganisira kukwirira kuchinja uye kusimudza muviri kubvisa pasi.

vashandi

Kudzivirira vashandi akapa bara uye Anti-banzurwa Réservation welded dzimba. Mumhino motokari iri chigaro rokutyaira kunze kwake, zvimwe vanhu vatatu vari Mobile shongwe (mutungamiri, radar opareta uye murwi), vanoumba vashandi ZRPK "Tunguska". Air kuzvidzivirira chombo-pfuti hurongwa ikasakendenga kuchinja ezvinhu mukati 8 masekonzi, recharge nayo (uchibatsirwa dzinokosha michina kwakavakirwa KAMAZ-43101) ndiyo maminitsi 16.

nguva kwakadaro mapuranga zvinoda siyana noumhizha uye zvinodiwa kubudirira kugara basa rokudzidzisa.

The creators of zvakaoma

Special mashoko akakodzera mukuru hurongwa mugadziri - Shipunov AG uye V. P. Gryazev, akagadzira pfuti, uye mukuru nyanzvi zvitundumuseremusere - VM Kuznetsov, hwakasikwa maererano kuitwa "Tunguska". Air kuzvidzivirira chombo-pfuti hurongwa mugumisiro co-kushanda akaitwa akawanda USSR. Yakawana chassis kugadzirwa Minsk, fekitari tarakita, nhungamiro maitiro uye debug kuenda pamusoro "anonongedzera" optics - the Leningrad LOMO. Basa raisanganisira nezvimwe zvesayenzi uye maindasitiri Masangano Soviet Union.

Atirari zvombo achibudiswa Tula, zvitundumuseremusere unganidzwa mu Kirov ( "Lighthouse").

Chiitiko chikumbiro

Panguva ino nguva munyika hakuchina simba Mobile mhepo kudzivirira hurongwa kupfuura "Tunguska". Antiaircraft pfuti-chombo hurongwa, zvisinei, nokuti chinangwa chahwo haisati rakashandiswa. Panguva kurwa muBosnia, muChechnya, yaishandiswa pamoto kwevashandi pamusoro pasi huru, asi kuti chinangwa ichi pane mhando kushandiswa michina uye zvombo. The dzokurwa kudzivirira 2K22 yakanga isina kukwana kuita nyika muhondo. Pashure maviri dhazeni IRC "Tunguska-M1" namashanu dzakaparadzwa (kunyanya yakafanira RPG kurira kwepfuti), murayiro yasvika wakasununguka kwemamiriro murombo kunyatsoshanda tichitarisa mhepo kudzivirira remagandanga hondo. Consolation chingava kushaya yokusagadzikana pakati vashandi.

mamiriro kweSangano

Complex mhepo kudzivirira "Tunguska-M" rakagadzirirwa kuparadzwa zvinangwa kunzwisisa kwakadaro, sezvo helicopters uye yakaderera-dzichibhururuka rwendo zvombo. The simba yekurwira mamiriro, muchina mumwe kwakadaro kunogona kuita yakazvimirira zvisarudzo pamusoro operative ezvinhu, asi mukurusa kunyatsoshanda kunoitwa pachishandiswa boka. Nokuti ichi yakarongwa hondo kwakakodzera utariri mamiriro.

platoon nerimwe rinoumbwa zvina ZRPK "Tunguska" antiaircraft chombo pfuti ezvinhu akashongedzerwa ndima centralized murayiro "Rankings" ari kukurayira, achiumba pamwe platoon, SAM zvombo "Arrow", yakakura remubatanidzwa - Mobile chombo atirari antiaircraft bhatiri. Uyewo mabhatiri pasi chehondo kana divisional utariri mamiriro.