Ndeipi radiographic kuongorora? Radiographic kuongorora welds. Radiographic ongororo: GOST

Hwaro nemwaranzi rokudzora ndiwo mano nuclei dzezvimwe zvinhu (isotopes) anoora kuumbika ionizing nemwaranzi. In nedanho fission yenyukireya iri vabudiswa zvokutanga nezvimedu, unonzi nemwaranzi kana ionizing nemwaranzi. nemwaranzi ehupfumi kuvimba mhando zvokutanga nezvimedu chaibwinya ne mwoyo.

Corpuscular ionizing nemwaranzi

Alpha nemwaranzi sokuti pashure pokuwa inorema nuclei pakati nehelium. Chaibwinya nezvimedu ine peya protons uye neutrons peya. Vane guru guru uye vakaderera nokukurumidza. Izvi zvinokonzerwa chavainyanya chinosiyanisa unhu: kupinda diki uye simba simba.

Nyuturoni nemwaranzi ine Nyuturoni nekubudisa. nezvimedu izvi havana zvemagetsi mutariri wavo. Chete kana neutrons anosangana chete nuclei ari irradiated zvinhu mhosva ions vari kuumbwa, saka pasi Nyuturoni nemwaranzi wakadenha yechipiri akanyengera radioactivity ari irradiated chinhu.

Beta nemwaranzi zvinobva chinja mukati muchitokisi musimboti. kuchinja uku hwepurotoni kuva Nyuturoni kana vakutarisire. Muchiitiko chino, maerekitironi vari chaibwinya kana antiparticle - positrons. nezvimedu izvi vane uremu diki uye zvikuru kumhanya. Kukwanisa kwavo ionize yacho duku, sezvo tichienzanisa Arifa inoramba.

Ionizing nemwaranzi pamwe quantum hunhu

Wegamma nemwaranzi achabatsirwa pamusoro pezvakaitwa emit Arifa Beta nezvimedu kubva kuora kubva isotope maatomu. Akabuda photon zvinoyerera kuri remagetsi nemwaranzi. Kufanana chiedza, wegamma nemwaranzi ane chinozunguzirwa hunhu. Wegamma PARTICIPLE kufamba kumhanya chiedza, ukuwo, vane refu rakapinza simba.

Maekisirei anewo ayo hwaro remagetsi mafungu, saka zviri chaizvo rakafanana wegamma nemwaranzi. Also kunzi bremsstrahlung. Rakapinza kugona napo pamusoro arambe achirema ari irradiated zvinhu. Kufanana kachiedza chiedza kunosiya firimu akaipa mavara. Ichi chinowanikwa X-ray iri zvinowanzoshandiswa minda bhizimisi uye mishonga yakasiyana-siyana.

Radiographic NDT nzira iri kunyanya kushandiswa gamma- uye X-nemwaranzi, vane remagetsi chinozunguzirwa hunhu, uye neutrons. Nokuti kugadzirwa nemwaranzi kushandisa anokosha zvishandiso namano.

X-ray machine

Maekisirei vari vakawana kushandisa X-ray sepombi. girazi ichi kana soldered simbi-zvedongo humburumbira, iro aneta mhepo kuti mhanyisa kufamba maerekitironi. On mativi ose electrodes chokuita kwachiri chete nevakomana mhosva.

The cathode - munhu zononoka of tungsten filament, iyo anotungamirira nhete danda kubva maerekitironi kuti anode. The yokupedzisira Kazhinji zvakagadzirwa yemhangura ane oblique cut necheparutivi 40 kusvika 70 inegumi. Pakati ine ndiro yakagadzirwa tungsten, Yaunoti kukoshesa anode. The cathode ari kusvitsa ane rakatumbuka maitikiro kwazvino 50 Hz kuumba zvinogona musiyano matanda. The chekubuda maerekitironi mune danda anowira zvakananga pamusoro tungsten anode bwendefa iyo zvacho zvinoshamisa kunonoka inofamba uye remagetsi oscillations kuitika. Naizvozvo rontgen mwaranzi dzinonzi chinovhiringidza. Radiographic kuzvidzora iri kunyanya kushandiswa X-ray.

Wegamma uye Nyuturoni emitters

A wegamma nemwaranzi panobva - a radioactive Kufananidzira kazhinji isotope pamusoro cobalt, iridium kana necesium. Ari mudziyo zvakanyorwa raizoiswa rinokosha girazi Kamudzira.

Nyuturoni emitters anoteererwa mune zvakafanana, rinoshandiswa chete simba pamusoro Nyuturoni okuyerera.

radiography

Maererano nzira vasabatwa zvabuda kuti kusiyana radioscopic, radiometric uye radiographic kuzvidzora. The Nzira yokupedzisira kunoratidzwa pakuti graphical zvabuda yakanyorwa pana firimu kana ndiro. Radiographic kuongororwa kunoitika nokushandisa nemwaranzi kusvika pakukora pakati pehurumende chinhu. Ari pazasi chinhu detector kudzora mufananidzo ikaonekwa iyo makwapa uye mitsetse kuonekwa zvinogoneka kuremara (in, pores, makatsemuka) rine voids vakazadzwa mhepo, kubva ionization dzakasiyana zvinhu apo irradiated arambe achirema kunoitika inhomogeneously.

Nokuti kuziva miedzo kuchisazitasingwi kushandiswa ndiro acho, firimu, X-ray mapepa.

Benefits weld Kuongorora radiographic nzira yayo kutadza

Patinenge kunaka nomoto aiwanzoshandiswa rinobva, radiographic uye ultrasonic yokuedzwa. Mumafuta uye gasi indasitiri kunyanya amutsvaka kwazvo nzvimbo welded mutopota majoini. Zviri sectors izvi radiographic rokuongorora nzira ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa nokuda undoubted zvakanakira pamusoro dzimwe kuzvidzora nzira. Chekutanga, riri kuonekwa zvikuru pachena pamusoro detector kuona chaiyo kopi womukati ezvinhu yacho nzvimbo zviparare vavo hurukuro.

Chimwe chakanakira - rakasiyana nemamwe nemazvo. Pakuitisa ultrasonic kana zvinoyerera-gedhi kuzvidzora pane dzose ndingangokuvara vasabatwa kwenhema nokuda kuonana kutsvaka pamwe hadzina kufambiswa zvakanaka weld. Kana asiri kuonana radiographic rokuongorora zvichiita, kureva, gogonera kana zvakaoma hukawanika haisi dambudziko.

Chechitatu, nzira unokubvumira kudzora-siyana nezvinhu, kusanganisira non-rinobva.

Pakupedzisira, nzira iri rakakodzera kushandiswa mune rwakashata ekunze uye michina ezvinhu. Pane radiographic kudzora mafuta uye gasi mapaipi zvinogoneka chete. Magnetic uye Ultrasound midziyo anowanzopa malfunctions nokuda yakaderera tembiricha kana STRUCTURAL zvinhu.

Zvisinei, rine payakaipira akawanda:

• Nzira radiographic vakaongorora welded mapfundo kwakavakirwa kushandisa michina zvinodhura uye consumables;
• Zvinoda zvikuru vakadzidziswa vashandi;
• Kushanda radioactive nemwaranzi ngozi kuutano.

Preparation kutonga

Preparation. Sezvo emitters vaishandisa X-ray michina kana wegamma pakakanganisika. Kuchenesa pemvura, mumwe kutarisana vaongo- kuti zvinooneka ziso kuremara, zvichiratidza kukodzera pasi munzvimbo uye chokuguma zvavo pamberi kutanga radiographic vakaongorora welds. Ongorora kunyatsoshanda yacho michina.

Check padanho nehanya. Munzvimbo akaisa zvaanoda susceptibility yokuedzwa:

• waya - kusimbisa pacharo, perpendicular kwairi;
• grooving - Vakabva musono haidereri pane 0.5 cm kubva grooves mirayiridzo - perpendicular kune musono;
• Plate - Vakabva musono vanenge 0.5 masendimita kana musono pamusoro bhuku chokuguma zviratidzo havafaniri kuoneka mufananidzo.

dzora

Technology, nematunhu radiographic vakaongorora welds dzinokudziridzwa, inobva ukobvu, chimiro, magadzirirwo zviri kudzorwa zvinhu, zviri maererano Specification. Kufadza zvinobvumidzwa chinhambwe kubva kudzora chinhu kune radiographic firimu - 150 mm.

The pakona pakati vatungamirire Ray uye zvakajairika kuti firimu zvishoma pane 45 °.

Kure kubva nemwaranzi kwaibva kuti bvunzo pamusoro rinowanikwa maererano Specification nokuti mifananidzo akasiyana welds uye zvinhu ukobvu.

Kunyatsoongorora nemigumisiro. Madzidziro radiographic yokuedzwa kunobva detector kushandiswa. Kana kushandisa radiographic firimu vasati kushandisa mumwe batch mangé zvinofanira kuongororwa kuti zvaidiwa zvaida parameters. Reagents nokuti kugadzira mifananidzo akaedzwa kuti suitability maererano Specification. Film wokugadzirira Control uye Management ose apera mifananidzo vanofanira kuva munzvimbo ine rima chairo. Finished mifananidzo kunge pachena, pasina zvisingakoshi makwapa emulsion rukoko urege kuputswa. Images zvinodiwa uye zvisiri vanofanirawo kuonekwa zvakanaka.

Kuongorora migumisiro richiona kuyerwa ukuru dzakaonekwa urema vachishandisa chaiwo templates, magnifiers, vatongi.

Maererano zvichiongororwa zvabuda, kuita kutsunga pamusoro ukoshi, kugadzira kana kurambwa, yakaitwa muna magazini isingachinji muchimiro NTD.

Kushandiswa filmless michina

Nhasi, digitaalinen zvemichina iri kuramba wakazopinzwa maindasitiri kugadzira, kusanganisira radiographic vasiri kunoparadza yokuedzwa nzira. Kune zvakawanda kuitika mudzimba Makambani yepakutanga.

Kana digital date kubudiswa hurongwa panguva radiographic anoshandisa reusable kusanduka ndiro zvakagadzirwa acrylic kana phosphorus. Maekisirei kuwira pamusoro mundiro, dzakatsigira Laser iri tarisa, uye nomufananidzo iri mudzoke pamusoro Monitor. Kana kuzvidzora hwendefa urongwa nzvimbo analogously firimu michina.

Nzira iyi ine zvakawanda yakajeka zvakanakira zvichienzaniswa firimu radiography:

• Hapana chikonzero iri refu gadziriro firimu kubudiswa michina uye kamuri chakakosha chinangwa ichi;
• Hatifaniri kuramba kutenga firimu uye reagents wake;
• ekisiposha kwacho kunotora zvishoma nguva;
• pakarepo chokuendesa digitaalinen mufananidzo uhwu;
• Kutsanya archiving uye kuchengetera mashoko pamusoro zvemagetsi;
• kukwanisa kushandisa vakawanda ndiro;
• simba nemwaranzi ari kuzvidzora kunogona kuderedzwa nehafu, uye kudzama kupinda inowedzera.

Ndiko, pane mari mumari nguva uye rutapudzo dzokuteerera yomuropa, uye nokudaro mukana kuti vashandi.

Safety munguva radiographic yokuedzwa

Kuitira kurerutsa akaipa mugumisiro radioactive mwaranzi pamusoro hutano mushandi anofanirwa kutevedza kukurairisai nekuchengetedzwa zviyero nokuda Implementation pakati mumatanho ose radiographic kuidzwa welded mapfundo. Basic chengetedzo mitemo:

• midziyo yose inofanira kuva roadworthy, vane zvakafanira mapepa, kuti vatambi - runodiwa chechetere yokurovedza;
• ari mapazi rokudzora Usarega vanhu vasina ukama kugadzirwa;
• emitter panguva oparesheni, imwe opareta inofanira riri kurutivi rwakatarisana inoenda nemwaranzi haisi asingasviki 20 M ;
• nokuita kuti mwaranzi panobva inofanira vakagadzirira pamwe rwokudzivirira nhoo, izvo kunotadzisa kupararira nemwaranzi vari muchadenga;
• Hadzigari mu mapazi pangava mwaranzi dzokuteerera miganhu nguva refu;
• Radiation yomuropa munzvimbo rokuwana vanhu vanofanira kugara kuongororwa kushandisa dosimeters;
• vakatozodzokera anofanira vakapakata achishandisa kudzivirira rakapinza mugumisiro nemwaranzi, akadai mutobvu machira.

Magadzirirwo uye zvekushandisa mapepa, GOST

Radiographic kuidzwa welded majoini rinoitwa maererano GOST 3242-79. magwaro Key nokuti radiographic yokuedzwa - GOST 7512-82, MDR 38.18.020-95. Kukura kupenda zviratidzo vanofanira kuita zvinoenderana GOST 15843-79. Type uye simba mwaranzi zvinyorwa anosarudzwa zvichienderana pakukora uye arambe achirema pamusoro irradiated zvinhu maererano GOST 20426-82.

Kirasi nehanya uye mhando neezvitendero iri nokudzorwa GOST 23055-78 uye GOST 7512-82. Kubudiswa radiographic mifananidzo rinoitwa maererano GOST 8433-81.

Kana tichishanda manyuko nemwaranzi kunofanira kutungamirirwa zvatinopiwa of Federal Mutemo "On Radiation Safety of Population", JV 2.6.1.2612-10 "Basic utsanana Rinotonga Radiation Safety", SanPiN 2.6.1.2523-09.