The "vemauto nemisha" Arakcheev: kuchinja zvinhu zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira

Military nemisha yaiva Russia iri nguva kubva 1810 kusvika 1857, mamiriro ezvinhu akanga chakagadzirirwa muchiuto kuchengeterwa kana muhondo. Implementation Its zvakasiyana unoreva zvakawanda uye yakawanda kinks.

prerequisites

Misha uto yokutanga aivapo muRussia refu asati Alexander I. Munguva XVII-XVIII emakore vakaonekwa kumucheto ehurumende kudzivirira rehurumende vakawanda kubva muArabhu, vaigara kumaodzanyemba uye kumabvazuva nyika miganhu. Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, vakawanda nemisha mauto akanga ari Volga, pedyo Orenburg uye kuCaucasus. Vazhinji vavo pakazopera rokutonga Catherine Mukuru akanga emauto akadzingwa mabasa. Musoja ari akatumirwa Cossack mauto. Mumwe akabatanidza pamwe dzose dzomumaguta vanogara.

Kana simba vakauya muna 1801, Alexander I, akasarudza kudzokera yekare mauto hurongwa (chete yoku- chimiro, uye zvimwe zvinangwa). kondakita mukuru zvokuchinja mambo akagadza ake anofungidzirwa - Count Alekseya Arakcheeva. Grandee pakutanga havana kunyange kuda kutora ichi chikonzero, asi zvakadaro akabvuma, anotya zvimwe kurasikirwa kukosha saka kuti tinzwe vaduku mambo.

Kugadzwa misha nemauto

Chii vakafuridzirwa misha muchiuto? Iye arakcheev pashure mambo wake rinotungamirirwa Prussian ruzivo. Pane zvakanaka honed gadziriro iri Army Reserve, yaishandiswa panyaya pamwero mukuru kunetsana.

Zviri kuti nokukurumidza replenishment revarwi panjodzi uye zvinodiwa misha zvechiuto. Arakcheev, uyezve, aifanira kupa Alexander Pavlovich ezvinhu, izvo zvaizoita kubvisa munyika zvisingachashandi kuhondo.

Help bhajeti

Kana vakabudirira, homwe kuchinja aigona kuponesa pamusoro kugadzirira kupembedza zvikamu. Kutaura zvazviri, aiva Optimization, kuti muzadze bhajeti. Mambo akada redistribute kuti kusunungurwa mari uye uzvitumire kuchinja mune zvokurima. Chokutanga, Alexander ainetseka kudzikinura vanhuwo zvavo kubva landlords uye kuvabatsira kubvisa serfdom (gare gare akanga chete kuBaltic States uye Finland).

Chiizve vaifanira kubatsira misha uto Arakcheev? Gore negore, rezasi vemauto pamisara kuramba vanotambura murombo dzemari uye voga kubva mhuri. The nadzurudzo inofanira kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu aya. Muchiuto kugarwa ravarwi, kwete chete kushumira nyika yake, asi aigara pedyo nemhuri yake, panguva iyoyowo ane purazi rake. Kunoitawo mhuri kuita kurimwa munyika, kurima, uye zvichingodaro. D. With zvakakodzera maitiro chikamu mapurazi musoja aigona zvokudya amene, kunyange vava pamudyandigere.

Pakutanga kuchinja

Muna 1810 akauya namagariro yokutanga muchiuto. Arakcheev asarudzirwa kuratidza chirongwa musketeer hondo muna Mogilev province. Count pachake akakurukura kugarwa plan, kugadzirira vanodhirowa uye zvichingodaro. D. An chinokosha kuchinja kwakanga kuti vanhuwo zvavo, uyo akanga amborarama pasi, kwaiva varwi vaiva wehurumende kutamiswa kumaodzanyemba province.

Maererano nepurani, chete kunzvimbo kuhondo (dzakavanzika, non-akarayira vakuru) akagadzirisa muchiuto nemisha. Arakcheev akarayira kuti atange kusarudza zvakanaka masoja chete rakanaka. Sezvo upfumi zvaiva kutungamirira mhuri iri misha itsva vakaenda vashandi kunyanya vakaroora. bachelors shoma vakarayirwa kusungirira fundo ane munharaunda murimi mudiki. Mune zvose izvi nehurumende kunyange vakapa akabudisa mari zvinobatsira kuti varombo somunhu oga, kuitira kuti kuroorwa uye kutenga zvinhu zvishomanana mapurazi avo. Treasury Aiudzawo zvokurima maturusi mbeu nezvipfuwo.

Kubva pakaita zano papepa zvimwe anofungidzirwa Alexander kumudzivisa kuti ubvume asingashumbi ichi, asi mambo nokuramba wakaomerera panzira vakasimbirira (kuti zvaishamisa nokuti iye achiri muduku). Mambo aitarisira kuti pamwe pakagadzwa nemisha muchiuto, boka idzva munzanga vachaonekwa Russia, izvo achatsigira akarurama kuchinja vakaronga simba.

Pashure Hondo 1812

Pamusana kwakatevedzana Hondo 1812 pakatanga nemisha zvechiuto rakaguma. Arakcheev akakwanisa kuzvionera sei hondo yake Mogilev, wokutanga kuedza kunze kuchinja, vakarwa pamberi. Waibatanidzwa muchiuto. Kana akapona varwi vakadzokera zvechiuto dzavo kugarwa, zvikazooneka kuti zvakanzi dzichapambwa kubudikidza vanhuwo zvavo. Mukuwedzera, dzakakora uye faira vaiva varimi varombo. Vakanga vasina vakajaira zvokurima basa.

Treasury kutanga kutambura zvakakomba varasikirwa. Ipapo Emperor vakasarudza kuchinja zvimwe muchiuto nemisha Arakcheev. Muchidimbu, ivo akarara pakuti kubva nguva vakuru varega dzinga vanhuwo zvavo, vasati kurarama panyika, apo kamwe vaigara hondo. Uyezve, vagari vomumusha kwete chete kusiiwa wadzo nzvimbo, asiwo akanyorwa rechiuto ugari. It akabvumira kuti chechetere upfumi pamakona - upfumi vakatanga kutakura vapfumi zvirimwa uye kusiiwa yokugutsikana.

rokuchenesa

Under nemitemo masoja mhuri vaifanira kutora hafu kukohwa kwavo mukuru mari (imwe vaigona dzokurasa panguva yayo kungwara). Agriculture kudziviswa nemirayiro kunyatsoteerera, iyo yakavakirwa pamazano Arakcheeva basa pasi.

Zviremera vaiedza kubatsira varwi nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Somuenzaniso, muna kugarwa pauri colonists German kuti vapiwe zvakafanira neunyanzvi. Zvisinei, kunyange zano ravo vasina maturo. Pakazopera rekutonga Alexander I, misha pagore kupa mamiriyoni 35 rubles mari, apo chezvipo inopedzwa pamusoro pavo 26. Asi panguva iyi pamwero wehondo haisi kusvikira pakuguma Another mari.

Izwi repasi panhengo upenyu

The inozivikanwa zvinhu kweuto nemisha Arakcheev rinotsanangurwa mashoko matsva revarwi basa. A mugari vokumaruwa namagariro aigona regera pashure pemakore 45. Kana akakuvara mukurwisana, murume akaziva sezvo vakaremara uye kugamuchira nehurumende.

Kana womumusha vakanga vana pasina nyika, vanoshumira muhondo, aizovapa nyika, yaakanga nhaka hurumende. Vanhu vakaremara kubva pasi mabasa vakasunungurwa, asi vakaita basa sezvo musikana muzvipatara uye nemamwe masangano, apo basa ravo kwaizopa mumagariro tibatsirwe.

Vakuru navarwi Relationships

Chiizve aizivikanwa pakagadzwa nemisha muchiuto? AA Arakcheev vakasimbirira kuti upenyu vagari dzavo raifanira zvakazara inodzorwa. Most kuduku kutyorwa mitemo uye nezvimwe mirayiro zvikuru kurangwa (kusanganisira vachiita koporo chirango).

All vanoshanda panyika raitungamirwa nezviremera. Saka sezvo vakuru nekuda zvakasimba purogiramu vasina nguva kudzidzisa vana, vana vari kunyanya pasi wenharaunda yaitongwa ehurumende (muzvikoro nedzimwe unyanzvi hwakasiyana nemasangano). Kuva akura vanasikana kuroora maererano Mutongo nezviremera.

Administration navatariri zvakasiyana pfumbamuromo uye kusada yakawanda yokunyatsoongorora kumubvunzo kurima. Chaiva systemic dambudziko. Creation yokutanga nemauto nemisha achitungamirirwa Arakcheev kwakaita kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, nokuti kunyange Count kana ake kuzobatsira vanamukoti havana mutsimba kunze komutemo maitiro Vakuru. Somugumisiro, masoja akatanga kukura Kusagutsikana.

mhirizhonga

Muhondo zhinji zvakaguma pakagadzwa nemisha zvechiuto. Arakcheev muna 1831, akagamuchira shoko raiti kuti kupanduka kwakatanga Novgorod province. Masoja uye zvisati vaisagutsikana nezviremera, asi zvino ivo vanopikisa kwokubatsira takambundirana. Chikonzero panova kuti makakatanwa akanga chirwere chekorera. Nezviremera, kuitira kudzivirira kupararira kwezvirwere, chakavhara migwagwa mhiri European Russia.

runyerekupe vakatanga kupararira chaizvo mauto nemisha kuti kutarisira pacharo zvakananga hwacho varwi, Kusvibisa chingwa nemvura. Korera nemhirizhonga yakatanga muna Staraya Russa. Chokutanga, zviremera vakaita sluggishly kuti chiitiko, muchitenda kuti mapoka evarwi vemo pachavo kurarama kusagutsikana. Kutaura chokwadi, chete kumukira akakura. Muna August 1831 iri kudzvinyirira kuti mhirizhonga vakapinda hondo dzose. Mushure nemhirizhonga dzisabudiswe foci, kusungwa akatanga. vanhu vanopfuura zviuru zvitatu vakanga nemhosva.

The kwaita maruwa

Alexander I akafa muna 1825, asi mutsivi wake uye munun'una Nicholas I, pasinei ose dubiousness yose isati vakasarudza kuchengeta muchiuto nemisha. Zvisinei, akaziva kuti mudziyo iri zvachose kukwana misha zvechiuto. Pakutanga kwake akanga basa kutanga chirongwa tishandurwe.

Somugumisiro, muna 1831 (maererano wemandorokwati chamambo), vaimbova misha uto zvakachinjwa varwi District. Vakarega kuva enzvimbo regiments. Masoja vakagara mumaruwa maererano doaleksandrovskim mitemo. Somuenzaniso: munyika Novgorod kudunhu 14 itsva maruwa. The nadzurudzo yakakurumbira zvinosiyana ichangobva vakapfuura korera nemhirizhonga.

The abolition dzomumisha nemauto

Muna 1855 vakatanga yaitonga Alexander II. The mambo akauya simba mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Russia vakarasikirwa ari Crimean War, uye yavaizoenda zvoupfumi munyika. baba Alexander Nicholas I yakanga yakasiyana zvakare kuchinja. Over matatu kwake kwemakore, akapotsa haana kuchinja mamiriro uye uto nemamiriro nyika. Panguva ino, iyo nzira yakataurwa Alexander I, usingachashandi. Kunyanya nokuti ichi, uye varasikirwa Crimean War.

Pakati izvi chakasakara akwegura nguva uye vatambi vaiva nemauto misha Arakcheev. Zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira wegadziriro kwave akarayira kudzidza zvakadzama mupurisa uye munyori Dmitry Stolypin. Nokuti ichi, akaenda Caucasus, apo panguva iyoyo aiva guru nemisha zvechiuto. The Inspector akaona wenhamo mufananidzo. The vomunzvimbo vaigara wakatetepa chaizvo, vakawanda havana kunyange mombe. Zvivako vakwegura zvaidiwa kuti Treasury kugona kuwana. Nemamwe mashoko, upfumi muchiuto dzaiva maturo uye akazova upfumi mutoro. Kudzokera St. Petersburg, Stolypin akaudzawo ake zvaanorumbidza namambo. Muna 1857, Alexander II akasarudza ubvise muchiuto nemisha. Saka, Arakcheeva nekubatwa misha zvechiuto aivapo kwemakore 47.