Education muRussia

Rondedzero panyaya: "Chinetso dzidzo munyika yanhasi Russia."

Education - hune chinangwa zvishande basa vanhu pamusoro kuunganidza ruzivo kana unyanzvi kuvandudza kwavari. Mumashoko yakakurumbira munyori French Denis Diderot: "Dzidzo anopa murume chiremera, uye muranda zvinova achiziva kuti haisi kuberekwa uranda." Education chimwe chinonyanya kukosha muupenyu hwevanhu. Intelligence, ndizvo rinotitsaura nezvimwe zvisikwa, kukwanisa kuongorora uye vafunga, kuunganidza zvakawanda ruzivo pamusoro nyika. Kuziva asingazivikanwi uye kuvaka asina kumboadya, kazhinji kunoita mwoyo urove pamberi kuwanikwa mitemo mitsva dzesayenzi, zvichiita hwedu kunakidza uye kunakidza. Kunoita kuti kutiza basa hwezuva nezuva uye vanoshamba mugungwa yakawanikwa uye kudziongorora. Mumashoko muzivi wechiGiriki Mark Tuly Cicero: "Kuti vararame - zvinoreva kufunga." Pasina pfungwa nemafungiro munhu - ichi chiri mhuka isina mweya; kurarama maererano mitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa, vanotungamirirwa nokuchiva, zvaisazogona uye hunenge. Kusiya ruzivo zvose, mabhuku kwesayenzi remabhuku kwemazana emakore pave iyi vanodavira husingagumi simba ruzivo, uye kuti mune ramangwana nyika haazodziisi sebenzi uye blockheads; kuti chatichaita vanhu kune vakawanda kutsakatika, sezvo kamwe chete dinosaurs vakava nokutsakatika. Asi rufu haringauyi nokuda kwaMwari, asi upenzi rwevanhu.

Panguva yaitonga Mambo Nicholas kuverenga chavagari muna Russian Empire rechipiri raiva pasi kwazvo nokuda nyika kuti yagara ruchiyerera kupinda maindasitiri yaitonga. Sezvo kusikwa USSR uye pokuchinja kwezvinhu 1917, dzidzo chakapiwa panzvimbo yokutanga, kana kuvaka gutsaruzhinji, necommunism, unofanira kuva akachenjera uye akadzidza kwevanhu. Sezvo V. I. Lenin akati: "... chikoro chedu kupa vechidiki kunyatsogona ruzivo, kukwanisa kubudisa mukomiyunisiti maonero pachayo kuita vanhu vakadzidza. Inofanira kuva, asi chero vanhu vari kudzidza kwake, vave vechikamu kurwira Kusunungurwa kubva Vadzvinyiriri. Danho rokutanga zviremera - ari kusika munhu basa kuti tikunde kusadzidza muRussia. chirongwa ichi zvaisanganisira: kuvaka girama chikoro uye chiso pfungwa apo vakadzidziswa kuverenga nokunyora uye Semi-kuverenga vanhu vemazera ose uye makirasi evanhu; pokugadzwa anokosha rokumanikidzirwa makosi vadzidzisi, yaiitwa kamwe pagore. Pashure pezvose, kuumba simba zvoupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika, zvemagariro evanhu yakatanga mamiriro pasina kunonoka kumhanya dzidzo yezvinhu, hazvitomboiti. Mumatsutso 1923, zvakanga akasikwa kubudikidza All-Russian yokuzvidira nzanga "Down kusagona kuverenga nokunyora." Huru dambudziko, izvo akasangana hurumende, aiva mamiriro ezvinhu ane anonzi mumigwagwa vana vakafirwa mhuri uye aiva nenzvimbo yake pachake yokugara. Dambudziko racho ragadziriswa nokuumba komiti, yakatsaurirwa kuna kuvandudza upenyu nevana uye nekunyora. Nechekare pakasvika 1935 vakawanda pokugara yave chapedzwa. Kubvira ipapo, nyika akafukidza dzidzo fivha. Vanhu vanokwezvwa ruzivo, kunyanya sezvo nyika yakanga akasika zvose zvinhu nokuda, yedzidzo yakanaka uye Chikurukuru. Paaiva munharaunda wehurumende yedu raishanda kuwanda yekosi zvikoro, mumakoreji uye mumayunivhesiti. Maererano nenhamba vadzidzi zviri nani kuti Soviet Union, nyika dzakadai UK, Germany, France, Japan. Vaverengwe, kuitwa muna 1959, vagari akaratidza kuti kusadzidza pakati yevagari venyika yave kunyatsodzurwa anenge chose. Nokukurumidza kutanga sainzi, uye nawo, kuti bhizimisi uye upfumi, paaikura simba rehondo uye nomukurumbira Soviet Union muna dzakawanda munhandare. Yakanga panguva yaitonga Soviet Union vaizivikanwa mazita zvakadaro uye mazita akafanana Landau P. A. Tamm kureva, Kapitsa A. N., Semenov N. N., Keldysh M. V., Tupolev AN, Korolyov From . P., Kurchatov IV, uyo akabudirira zvikuru mune wefizikisi, kemisitiri, masvomhu, avhiyesheni uye chitundumuseremusere kugadzirwa. Akadaro waruka guru kukura nesayenzi, akabvumira Russia kumisa pacharo sezvo nyika vakadzidza zvikuru munyika. Abudirire ichi chaiva 1977 bumbiro, enshrining kodzero vagari USSR kuti asunungure dzidzo zvese kubva chikuru kune tertiary.

Danho guru shure akaita hurumende dzidzo hurongwa, mushure kusaina esungano Bialowieza Yeltsin muna 1991. Kana munguva Soviet, yedu vachibudirira umambo pakati penyika gumi vakadzidza zvikuru munyika, zviri ikozvino pamusoro 71 gwapa, pedyo Saint Lucia, Albania uye Macedonia. Nokutendeseka, nhasi dzidzo yedu chinoenda kuburikidza makore zvakaoma. Matambudziko zvakawandisa kuti hazvigoni kugadziriswa ano hurumende kuverenga mwero muRussia avo 9 kusvika 49 makore 99,8%, kupfuura muUnited States neUnited Kingdom. Asi chokwadi, zvikuru kuziva Russian vanacho kugutsikana kusavimbika nhamba. Nyika ine vachiri kuyaruka mamiriyoni maviri chete vari kudzidza, iye 700 000 vari nherera, uye vamwe vanogara nematambudziko ezvinhu. Kusadzidza ose gore anova zvapararira, kuwedzera nokuda 8-10%. A vakawanda vokuRussia vanodavira kuti dzidzo zvinodhura ikozvino. All nokuti kuti mamiriro allocates mari shoma kuenda ane zvokunze urongwa zvivako chikoro, saka vabereki havadi vana vavo vadzidze mumakirasi tsvina uye dzakashata, saka anoita zvakawanda Zvipo muchifarira zvinodiwa chikoro. Uyewo ari commercialization dzidzo, akaita dzidzo wokuRussia yechipiri uye yakakwirira somumwe zvikuru zvinodhura munyika. Chimwe chinetso anokosha yakaderera nenhanho mudzidzisi kunodzidziswa. Vazhinji vavo havazivi kuti tiwane kodzero yokutaura kuti mudzidzi, haagoni kuva nyaya yacho, ndokusaka zvikoro kazhinji kunetsana ezvinhu; pedagogical unyanzvi hariwanzotaurwa. Hapana dzakawanda kuziva zvinodiwa Russian yedzidzo chesekondari, saka, vakapedza kudzidza mudzimba zvikoro zvedu havagoni kunyoresa zvakananga dzimwe kumayunivhesiti. dzidzo yedu yava uncompetitive chaizvo, havagoni kupa chizvarwa simba akangwara uye vakadzidza vanhu. Kare, takanga vaidada sei isu taumba uye akadzidzisa masvomhu, wefizikisi uye kemisitiri. Asi ikozvino hatichamuzivi tiri vatungamiri, panguva kureba Netherlands uye Sweden, ndizvo zvakananga chokuita masvomhu uye wefizikisi uye kemisitiri, izvo zvinoda guru zvinhu upfumi: kutenga matsva, midziyo zvinodhura uye zvisingawanzoitiki reagents, rokutsvaka vaduku uye unyanzvi nyanzvi avo, zvinosuruvarisa zvishomanana. Kunaka dzidzo anoburukira, Falls, tinogona nokukurumidza kutaura dzinonetsa pfungwa, uye kana upfumi anotanga chiwondomoke, uye kwete kure munhu default kuti aigona zvikuru ichangobva vakazivisa mamiriro edu. Chete ipapo hurumende ndokuzorwa anomhanya, edza zvimwe kushandura, vanopedza mashomanana kudzidzinga zvisingakoshi kuchinja, asi zviri kunonoka.

Pane mhando mbiri zvikonzero kuderera dzidzo munyika. First - izvi pachako. Vechikoro zvishoma kufarira kuverenga mabhuku, kuita homuweki, tisingatauri kuzvipira dzidzo. Pano Kanenge achizadzisa dzinokosha mitemo yokuzvibata muzvikoro. All nokuda chidzoke nevazhinji zvinotsausa zvakadai makombiyuta, zvichiteverwa nevana vagere kwemaawa; Mhemberero neshamwari manheru; kudhakwa, kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka, kuyaruka chipfambi. Hongu, waivapo kare, asi mazuva ano zvinhu izvi zvikuru rakafara mhinduro. Sezvineiwo, zvakafanana chido mitambo haina chinovhenekera munhu mupfungwa. Zvino mutambo kwakakurumbira, yave kusvika kota yevagari vepasi, kubva pane zvisina migumisiro, zviri Chokwadi, maererano mamiriro dzidzo uye kuverenga pamusoro vakawanda ezvinhu Russia. Maererano ruzhinji vadzidzi, pashure chikoro havazovi kubatsira ruzivo, uye pasina izvozvo vanogona kubudirira (nokukunda vawana zvaireva guru mari guru). Asi chokwadi ndechokuti kuva muzvinabhizimisi uye kuronga basa ravo, hazvibviri pasina dzidzo yepamusorosoro. Ungashandisa vanhu, kana iye haagoni kurarama nayo - unozviita kanenge kamwe muupenyu hwake akaverenga bhuku kubva ichi angangotadza kuva kuipa. Kuva yako mabhizimisi, chitoro kana resitorendi, une kunzwisisa zvakanaka. Uye kwete abum: Ndinoda arayire chinhu chinhu, asi havana kuziva kuti izvi zvinhu. Vanhu vakawanda havafungi nezveramangwana, chii chichaitika pashure akasununguka upenyu huno, nyore; vakachengeteka mune ruzivo kuti vabereki vavo vanogona kuvabatsira kuti vagadzirise mune ramangwana arambe, uye kana usingakwanisi kunyange kuwana basa, ipapo nguva dzose pamba mhuri apo iwe unodiwa uye nguva dzose anobvumirwa, asi zvakashaya basa saka vanofunga. Pana zvakanakisisa, uye akaipisisa nyore kuwana pachako mumugwagwa pasina redzimba uye mari, pasina rubatsiro kubva vadiwa, nekuti vose achava pamusoro pako mate gore nedzimwe shamwari dzepamwoyo, uyo nemi kamwe aiva mafaro, uye pamwe kunyange anonunurwa munguva yakaoma kamwe, vanokanganwa kuvapo kwenyu, pamusangano navo budish vanowira ive vachinyara chinzvimbo, achiyeuchidza vamwe vagrant kana "garo", shanje navo yake dambudziko, dzichishandisa kuzvidza Mwari, munyama, risingafadzi mubatanidzwa ezvinhu. mumwoyo mangu achiziva kuti akaita hombe, zvinouraya, yenhamo chikanganiso haana kuenda kuchikoro, vanokutuka mazuva apo truant, kana haana kuenda mumakirasi chikoro. Kana kunzwisisa uku, mumwe murume akanga achiuya vanhu.

The mhando chechipiri zvikonzero - yepamutemo kana nehurumende. Huru dambudziko haisi chienderane nyaya "kodzero uye rusununguko vemo" uye Mutemo "On Education", iro rinotaura kuti mudzidzi wose anofanira kuzadzisa pamwero dzidzo, zvisinei kugona, uye chido, hairevi kupfuura hunotaurwa mu Article. Chikurukuru, nokuti kukundikana mubumbiro zvinodiwa zvesekondari haina inopiwa hapana basa. Hazvina kuremara ichi mubumbiro, muri vadzidzi, kunyoresa kuchikoro, kudzidza kusvika chido chake. Munhu wese anosarudza, kudzidza kana kwete. Zvinosuruvarisa muRussia yanhasi vadzidzi vose vanoziva musimboti ichi. Kubva pfungwa nemaonero dzezvoupfumi, zvinhu upfumi vari nyore asakara. The Dambudziko ichi - ndiye amboshandurirwa mubumbiro mitemo, nokuwedzera ndima pamusoro administrative, uye kunyange dzimwe nguva, mhosva kuita nokuti haasi kuita zvinodiwa nenyika rokudzidzisa. No zvishoma matambudziko zviri kuitika mari iyi, vose yepamusoro uye yechipiri dzidzo. Mari zvikoro yechipiri rinoitwa, kusunungurwa acho zvinoreva kuti pre-vakaronga nhamba yevadzidzi. Kana chikamu vadzidzi usarasikirwe mazuva chikoro, mari dzinounzwa yavo kudzidzisa, vava kufanira, uye mutemo unofanira kudzokera, uye nokuda kwaizvozvi chikoro bhajeti akaderedzwa, akaderedza kudzidzisa vashandi, kwakaderedza yedzidzo pamwero vadzidzi, uye zvichingodaro. Nezvimwewo .. Saka, mune zvose zvikoro vane tsika unonyadzisa panguva inflated mavanga kusiya mari mari muzvivako chikoro. Imwe dambudziko iri - pakasikwa basa asimbise chaiye-nyika ruzivo uye zvinogonekwa vadzidzi uye kuongorora zvinonyatsorehwa kushanya zvidzidzo. Uye kana chikoro acharamba kunyepera kuti wakatarwa vana, kwokubatsira tsika vanosungirwa kubhadhara faindi. Muna Russian Federation pane mukana chaiye kuwana dzidzo yakakwana uye yemhando yepamusoro yechipiri uye yakakwirira. Asi kana vanhu havadi kushandisa chipo ichi, ipapo havafaniri kumanikidzwa, kumanikidzwa kudzidzisa zvidzidzo kana kuenda kuchikoro. Kubva izvi seboka haachinji, uye anopepuka chete kuramba tichikura. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chaicho, dziripo nhasi, zvinetso.

Zvinetso yekudyidzana zvinoonekwa, tinoziva zvinangwa zvavo uye migumisiro, asi chii kuita simba ano. Ndezvipi zvinhu kana zvirongwa zvedzidzo zvichabviswa chinozoiswa uye zviri kare parizvino dziripo. Ichi matambudziko nyaya ndinoda kubata pamusoro Zvechokwadi, rimwe surfactant. Chinhu chokutanga chaunofanira kunyora - uyu Bologna Process. Nokuti vaya vasina anosarudza kupinda zvakavanzika "nevaFreemason", uye saka - romutoo kusika imwe, zvakasimba maitiro dzidzo pakati kunyika Europe, ari gadziriro yacho Bologna chibvumirano. Chinangwa charo kusimbisa uye kutenderwa Dzidzo Yepamusoro kwemajoini dzavatorwa. Zvino vachitova chenhau arimo. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi20, paiva nechinetso kukura nesayenzi (nyikadzimu), kuti supernatant kubva nekupatsanurwa dzidzo yokuyunivhesiti, izvo kusundwa kuti pakagadzwa uye kusaina kunyika makumi maviri namapfumbamwe of Bologna Declaration muna 1999, vari kuvaka ushumiri eponymous guta wokuItaly. Agreement inosimbisa yokuzvidira Kupinda dzose muEurope. Russia zvakare akabatana zvishoma kwapera, muna September 2003, panguva iyo Berlin Conference. Vechikamu ichi muitiro anenge inoti zvose, noushe uye ukuru iri European chikamu kondinendi, kunze San Marino uye Monaco. In yakakura expanses yeRussian Federation, vachitevera accession kuna Bologna Process, ane dambudziko richifadza: murombo, kushaya kuziva vakuru pamusoro inokosha ezvinhu munyika uye European dzidzo uye chinangwa Bologna kwacho ruzhinji vadzidzi havanzwisisi; pane nyongano pamwe zvirongwa zvedzidzo, mukuru dzidzo zviyero, akadai sokuti "Ishe", "Doctor Sayenzi", "Bachelor". Fungidzira Somuenzaniso, kana zvitupa Russian kuvakuru masangano edzidzo chichange kuzivikanwa muna Europe, ipapo, chokwadi, vatinodzidza navo zvichava nyore kuwana basa, asi kunogona kutungamirira kuukama water drainage vashandi zvikuru unyanzvi kubva nyika yake yaakaberekerwa, uye gare gare kuti yokushomeka vashandi vane unyanzvi mumunda. Hongu, mumwe unhu tine zvishoma, chokwadi enda kunze akangwara kwazvo uye unyanzvi nhengo chikoro yedu soro yenyika. Asi pfungwa, mashoko Bologna Process wakaisa nyika chaizvo kune zvakarurama kukura dzidzo, nokuchinja kuitika hurongwa.

Zvinoratidzika kwandiri anotambudzika uye mapundu, ari zano reBazi Redzidzo, vakagamuchirwa muna 2009, ari zvinoderedza masangano 'bhajeti nzvimbo ". The Hurumende anotenda nyika yedu zvakare kupa vadzidzi vakanga vapedza chikoro 1,2. Izvi zvose kurota uye zvinovadadira, nhema uye pobornichestva nemadzibaba vane pachisara, asi vanhu vakadzidza, tichava tinoda. subjectivity kwakadaro anocheka shure kwedu yepamutemo rusununguko, kuti vakasununguka dzidzo.

Zvanzi chokuita kuchinja dzidzo yepamusorosoro, asi vo muzvikoro, dzakarongwa haidereri kukosha, inokosha zvirongwa kurongazve yayo yose hurongwa. Saka chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha kuchinja ndiyo kuchinjwa zvesekondari iri kubhadhara hwaro. Hurumende urongwa, asi zvimwe zvose makirasi haazoregi kubhadhara zvidzidzo zvitatu chete mangwanani. Zvinogonekawo, zvidzidzo sangano iri mharidzo uye kukurukurwa remangwana basa, pamusoro panzvimbo iyo mutungamiriri akasaina chibvumirano, asi zvinhu izvozvo vachaparadzwa mari pa 30%, vamwe inofanira kubhadharwa kubva coffers nechikoro, iri kare "panguva vazvo anobuda pamusoro nemari mukati kwaari. " Asi chinonyanya unoshamisa ndechokuti anenge hafu yavana havazokwanisi kugamuchira dzidzo yakazara, nokuda kwokushayiwa zvinhu achishandisa vabereki vavo. Uye akarurama dzenzvimbo hafu ichi nekutsvaga zvikuru pakuridza, akangwara, achida kudzidza, uye vana. Saka, dzidzo yakanaka vana vanopiwa vapfumi uori uye chisimba matsotsi. Zvino ngatitii mune ramangwana nyika yose ichava kutarisira vana vavo, iri nani. Zvisinei, anenge chete mamiriro ezvinhu munyika ikozvino, asi kwete saka akakura.

Munguva ichangobva nguva, munhu anozivikanwa akaremekedza Minister of Education kweRussia, Andrei Fursenko, panguva bhodhi musangano, zvinganaka pakatanga bvunzo pashure pokupedza Rokutenderwa. Mukubwinya kwake, icho chakanaka ruzivo, mubayiro nokuda hurumende. Chinangwa kuedza uku kuzivisa unhu chaihwo dzidzo payunivhesiti. Maererano muedzo uyu achaonekwa kudzidzisa colleges Russia. Yakajeka Vatsigiri mushumiri akataura zvakanaka pamusoro vapinda zvakagadzirwa, asi vadzidzi uye Rector of Institute havaoni kukosha uye kushanda pfungwa iyi.

Apo Russia kuchanyarara kuva nengozi pasi, caustic miedzo uye kuedza. Kana nyika anouya acharamba nguva, izvi zvikuru kupindira chete dira peturu pamusoro pachivako ukabatwa moto, tsika edzidzo.