Mahatma Gandhi Biography, mhuri, zvematongerwo enyika uye magariro mabasa

Mohandas Gandhi Karamchand anozivikanwa pasi rose sezvo Mahatma Gandhi. Biography murume anozivikanwa ose Indian. Iye nheyo sangano zvakazoita kuti pakuunganidza muIndia rusununguko. Hwake - a feat. Iye ushumiri hwake akaratidza sei munhu mumwe chete anogona nokusangana raznokonfessionnuyu, rakakamurwa vemapoka, noruvengo rwavo chikamu rudzi, rinosvika vangasvika bhiriyoni vanhu (muBhudha India uye Muslim Pakistan akanga ibatane).

Dzakadaro Mahatma Gandhi, ane upenyu nyaya ine raidudzwa kutonga - the Implementation of asiri mhirizhonga uzivi kuzowanikwawo vemapoka ose. Iye akateerera kuda imwe chete munyika - ". Inzwi diki hana"

Childhood, kuyaruka

Pakazosvika vanhu vakaderera vatengesi aiva wakazvarwa 10.2.1869 pamusoro Mahatma Gandhi. Biography ake sezvinoita mwana anotaura vaitofanira yechitendero mararamiro uye mhuri vabereki miriwo. Baba vakabata soro hofisi muhurumende iri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa muguta Porbandar muna Gujarat, amai ari wechitendero kunoshamisa.

Mukomana ane makore 13 okuberekwa, maererano wechiHindu tsika, akaroora vezera ainzi Kasturba. Makore matanhatu gare gare, mwana wokutanga nomudzimai akaberekwa, uye ipapo vamwe vanakomana vatatu. Naizvozvo, kubva mukuru, achirarama upenyu yekusarurama, Mahatma Gandi akaramba. The yasara matatu simbi baba Prop mukudzidzisa kwake. Muduku wavo, Devdas, akaroora mudzimai mukuru-vanhu vakaderera - brahmin vanhu vakaderera kuti India chinhu incredible chishamiso.

Kudzidza ari UK

Namapfumbamwe Gandhi akaenda kuLondon, apo akagamuchira mutemo dhigirii. Paakadzokera India, akapedza makore maviri ari gweta muBombay. Zvino makore gumi nerimwe makumi Mohandas Karamchand akashanda se zano wepamutemo pamusoro Indian zvokutengeserana kambani mu South Africa. On the kondinendi African kokutanga mubasa zvematongerwo enyika Mahatma Gandhi. Biography of muzivi uye enyika kunoratidza kuti uyu apo akashandisa akapotsa ake maonero ouzivi vasiri mhirizhonga.

Mahatma Maonero ari pamusana rethinking pavo Bhagavad Gita, uye kugamuchirwa maonero wokuIreland murwi kuti kuzvionera Michael Davitt, American muzivi Genri Toro, Classics Russian Lva Nikolaevicha Tolstogo.

Gandhi mu South Africa

Ari South Africa yakadirana nokuti mari vaibva kuIndia. Around iyoyo, guta Kimberley, akamira pamberi Orange River, aizivikanwa sezvo nedhaimani guru munyika. Zvakaoma nedhaimani mumigodhi kwaida basa. Sezvineiwo, basa kuti zvimbambaira uye zvimbambaira vanhu vakanga tatadzirwa. Zvaiva imomo kuti gweta Gandhi akanzwa isingawanzowanikwi mukana - kudzivisa zvakaipa nechisimba uye nechisimba mweya wake zvakanaka. Akapiwa isingawanzowanikwi chipo: kuhwina utsinye kutaura uye kutenda, maduku vanhu.

Mohandas akanzwa zvaikwanisa, akabvunza ano - kuti zviite nani, achiparadza nheyo vasakarurama, tsika inoremadza vanhu.

Mahatma Gandhi akatanga kushandisa maonero, tichitangira pachedu. Akaramba zvachose kubva European zvipfeko zviri National, vakava mukanyatsochengeta tiine nzvimbo yezvechitendero. Iye nevatsigiri vake akabudirira kuchinja mitemo wekusarura pamusoro maIndia South Africa.

Tiri kumirira naye India

Muna 1905, Mohandas Karamchand akadzokera India. Asipo, apo kugara South Africa, akakunda mukurumbira ari kumusha National nomukurumbira. The National bourgeoisie India panguva iyoyo ainyatsoziva kuti anenge chero atonge nyika yake, uye kunyanya kukura nzira haagoni kunzi pasina nenzvimbo vemapoka vose munzanga. Iye pachake kugona kuzviita. Aida Mohandas.

Gandhi nechipiriso munyika nokuda mumwe kupfuura akahwina mubayiro weNobel mumabhuku, Rabindranath Tagore, tanga kudana izvozvo Mahatma. Zviya, mumwe mutsvene enyika uye havana kubvuma zita iri, muchitenda pachake kukodzera.

, Zvinangwa echimurenga Global vakatevera hondo yose Mahatma Gandhi. Zvisinei, kuenda navo muzivi haana kuenda zvitunha. Akadzokera varombo, vakapambwa uye vakabirwa nyika.

Panguva iyoyo muIndia kwakashanda 175 Makambani vatorwa kuwana purofiti katatu kupfuura nyika mari. Vanoparadza vanhu yakasvika mukare akamboona: kunyora nezvavo mari chete capita akawa 1.5 kusvika 0.75 nemakobiri pamunhu pazuva. Vazhinji varimi vakarasikirwa zvarinoroora munyika. Vokuparidzira anotambura nenzara uye matenda. Chete muna 1904, vanopfuura miriyoni maIndia vakafa nedenda.

Dzidziso Gandhi raMwari

Mohandas Karamchand anoona chikonzero izvi zvose uye anoronga sangano rwenyika. Remakungwa chokwadi yakawira yakaorera pasi, mharidzo iyi refu nonoka dzayaitonga India. Mahatma Gandhi akazvitsaurira musoro "satyagraha", zvinosanganisira emazita zviviri: "chokwadi" (akagara) uye "neukukutu" (agraha). The wezvematongerwe enyika anotenda udangwe ose mugari yevagari kusateerera, muzivi, vakafunga mumwe inokosha chero akasununguka zvechokwadi munhu.

Kurwisa kusaruramisira Gandhi pfungwa, rinofanira kubva pfungwa mbiri:

• wehurumende kusateerera;
• non-chisimba nemishonga.

Zvichitevera kwavari, maIndia vane, ari mafungiro Mahatma, kuramba nokutsigira masangano ose yaitonga yeBritain yaitonga kwezvivako uye makambani makaro, kureva, kuramba nheyo "kwete vatatu" ..:

• kwete kutenga British dzowokwake;
• kushumira yaitonga wemuTesitamende ehurumende nemapazi, mapurisa uye hondo;
• hakuiti kubvisa British machinda mibayiro, madunhurirwa, chinokudza.

1919 - mumwe Watershed ari kurwira rusununguko

Muna 1919, Indian National Congress nokupesvedzera pfungwa Gandhi wacho, pane aimbova sunungukei-oppositional chinzvimbo, vakatamira kutamburira rusununguko. Sei panguva ino? Ngativhurei nenhoroondo. Zvakange ipapo House of Commons vakamanikidzwa, kokutanga munhoroondo, funga zvakaitika chirango dzayaitonga mutungamiri, Brigadier-General Dyer yaibvumira kupfura kuti rugare pemitongo muguta Amritsar, izvo zvakazoita kuti kuuraya vanopfuura chiuru sepoys. Zviri Chiito ichi nemaune rusaruraganda uye aiva mavambo pokuwa ropa makasimbiswa uye nesimbi kuBritain dzayaitonga hurongwa.

Muna 1919, Mahatma Gandhi akakurudzira vomunyika yake norugare kuratidza pasi pomureza wenyika nyika rusununguko. Multi-miriyoni kuratidza panguva kufukidza maguta makuru munyika. Zvinosuruvarisa kwaiva apesane nemapurisa uye, naizvozvovo, nezvibayiro. Policy Mahatma Gandhi, Chokwadi, hazvirevi zvaisanganisira. Zvisinei, vokuBritain, akasungwa uye akatongerwa makore matanhatu, sezvo honzeri yokusagadzikana. Mujeri, akava zvaaidzidzisa, akanyora mabasa, dzidzisa vanhu.

Somuzivi ari ashram

Panopera mutongo Mohandas Karamchand haana vakadzokera mhuri. Kufanana mumongi-munamati, iye isingagariki Delhi akavaka nherera vanoshaya (ashram). Murume akanga asina kutya chinhu ... Zuva nezuva vanhu vanouya vakawanda kuti kuvanzwa vachiparidza somuzivi.

maonero ake vava vakwanise zvikuru kupfuura avo vakaratidza Indian National Congress, Gandhi ukabuda.

Philosophy kwakavakirwa chiBhudha chitendero chaiva maIndia nyore uye zvakajeka, akabata mwoyo. Nemashoko ake akatanga kuteerera yenyika vepamusoro. "Nyika inofanira kutanga kuchinja pachako", - akati Mahatma Gandhi. Quotes kubva kutaura ake akafuridzirwa vateereri, akafuridzira kwavari nokutenda India itsva.

Kutamburira socialization of untouchables

Dambudziko anoputsa kuvimbika Indian vanhu, chaiva pamberi yakarongwa vemapoka, t. E. Vanhu rusarura kwezviuru zvemakore, kutanga muranda nzanga. Zviya, mugove wavo vanhu India - vanenge 16%. Rokuvaudza kusvikira XX remakore dzakavharwa nzira kuti dzidzo, kuti mukurumbira wenyika basa. Vakarambidzwa kupinda vanhu mutemberi. They vane vakaparadzana ndiro. kuenzana yavo yokutanga kusimudza izwi ravo Mahatma Gandhi. Quotes kubva kutaura kwake Misangano mikuru vanhu akanyora pasi mazwi vavo Akafuridzira disenfranchised vomunyika akaisa mavari kutenda: "Pakutanga hauoni navo uye ipapo kumuseka iwe, ipapo uri kurwisa. All chete, unowana. "

Gandhi akaramba kuenda kuchechi, apo rokuvaudza mukova zvairambidzwa. The revanhu rakaungana pamukova machechi aya, "baba India" akanga achiti: "Hakuna Mwari." Uye nokukurumidza zvose temberi yacho vasingachaiti tsika iyi kuzvinyadzisa.

Gandhi akadana vana vaMwari untouchables (Harijans). Iye kuneta kuparidza kuti ChiHindu anoramba rusarura. Nemhaka yake kuita, kuIndia mitemo kudzivisa nyanzvi uye munzanga kudzvinyirirwa ezasi vemapoka vakagamuchirwa.

"Baba Kworudzi" ainyatsoziva kwe nzanga nyika yavo. Kana yakakura mutungamiri Dr. Ambedkar akava rokuvaudza vawane zvizere kuenzana, Mahatma Gandhi akajekesa kuti rirege kuita, zvimwe vanorambana kunoitika munyika. Kana mupikisi ake akaramba kuramba mukukanganisa kwake, Mahatma akaratidza ake ratidziro nzara ranwa. Gandhi akanga chaizvoizvo kugadzirira kufira chokwadi, "Baba Kworudzi" vakakurudzira Ambedkar.

Gandhi muchinangwa rugare weboka nyika kupinda India uye Pakistan

munorumbidzirweiko Its akanga murunyararo weboka Hindu India uye Muslim Pakistan mushure kuzivisa rusununguko rwavo kubva kuBritain muna 1948. Apo inoita inotyisa ropa rakanga chisingadzivisiki, Mahatma Gandhi, iyo anoitiswa mukurumbira mukuru mumasangano ose, kechipiri rakazivisa nzara ranwa. Uye akanga ane kushanda.

Mohandas Karamchand akaitawo chaizvo nokuti nepaitengwa Indian kwevakadzi kodzero dzevanhu. Akakurudzira akatsoropodza muitiro mangwanani muchato, magadzirira wopedza navo, vanokurudzirwa kubatanidzwa vakadzi masangano kuridza achishingaira basa revanhukadzi.

Vakasiyana upenyu Mahatma

Teverai mitemo kunaka, uye kwete kutaura navo rinonzi Mahatma Gandhi. Interesting zvinhu hwake anogona kuva zvinoshamisa kuti vanhu kure Indian tsika:

• Anonziwo Gandhi mu Indian rinoreva "womuchitoro". Baba uye sekuru hunonyanya nomutemo vaiva vashumiri mukuru Indian inoti. sezvo aigara aizviti nezita Mohandas uye haana - Mahatma.
• In hwake, Gandhi ndikabvapo shangu. Mukupesana, akatarisa yakafanana dandy. Kugara muLondon, jaya akatora private kutamba zvidzidzo uye nokuzvibata. Aivawo munyori London Society vegetarians.
• Gandhi aiva mumabasa nekunhonga mari rokuvaudza. Vazhinji akabayira goridhe yake nezvishongo, asi Mahatma aigara kusafarira, akapfeka mamvemve. Maererano nyika, akaenda motokari dzakawanda dziine tsvina, dzisingatarisiki, t. E. Kuva kirasi rechitatu. Kamwe akakumbirwa: "Sei ari wechitatu," muzivi akati: "Nemhaka motokari wechina haako!"
• Vasingazivi vanhu vanodavira kuti Mahatma Gandhi uye Indira Gandhi muri baba uye mwanasikana. Zvisinei, maonero iri kure chokwadi. Vanoita kunyange voukama. Indira mhando mugwaro akatora anonziwo "Gandhi" somureza enyika, sezvinoita Generic remadunhu-, chichiratidza chamazuva ose zvinangwa akanga achiedza kusvika Mahatma.

• Gandhi akasungwa kakawanda kuti chinowanzoonekwa akanongedza yake musha kero kero Yeravda mujeri. Muna 1931, iye zvakananga kubva ipapo kusvika bhurukwa uye bhachi Hadi akasvika kuti vateereri pamwe Mambokadzi Britain.

mabhuku mabasa

Kunyange zvazvo upenyu somuzivi pakabuda risina kumiswa kutsivana zvichiratidza, kunzwisisa uye mharidzo, akanga asiri munyori "mweya India" - Mahatma Gandhi. mabhuku ake vari vakawanda - unosimbiswa kutaura uye kunyora. Murume pfungwa nezviito, Mohandas Karamchand mudanga akatorwa kwete kutandadza.

Zvichida bhuku chete, kwete muunganidzwa, ndiko chinokosha basa "kutenda kwangu," umo muzivi akaronga coherent dudziro kunzwisisa kwake chiBuddha. Akakwanisa amuratidze sei nhungamiro yokutenda inogona chakaunzwa upfumi, magariro bhora, zvematongerwo enyika. dzidziso yake yakafuridzirwa tsika upenyu rakafuridzirwa colonialists vakadzvanyirirwa negurumwandira vanhu, vanokwanisa kufuridzira navo chivimbo mune remangwana kuzvimirira India. "Kutenda Kwangu" anogona kubatsira munhu kudzidza kutanga zvakakodzera kunamata vasiri chisimba asi rinoita tinorwisana zvakaipa.

Chimwe basa rinokosha Mohandas Karamchand haana kusikwa sezvo bhuku rimwe chete. Kutaura zvazviri, ndiye munhu wetsamba akanyorwa mumakore ake kwemakore 6 mujeri. Pashure pezvose, kazhinji nyaya yacho zuva Ndakanyorera Mahatma Gandhi. Books nokuti mutemo asaiva magumo pachawo. nguva dzose akashanda panyaya yezuva, sensitively akanzwa kudikanwa mharidzo Article vanhu.

Kamwe Mahatma akagashidza chikumbiro kubva munhu untouchables - Kumutsanangurira mamiriro ezvinhu Bhagavad Gita. Murimi vakanyunyuta kuti asinganzwisisi zvokudya zvayo. Muzivi, vachiziva yose hunhu dambudziko nokuda vaizviona kuziva rudzi, ndakanyora dzakatevedzana tsamba, nerimwe inomiririra dudziro nemunyori mumwe mukuru muzvitsauko zvebhuku. Zvadaro, tsamba yakabudiswa pasi unoti - "Kurukshetra Wechokwadi". Zvinobatsira zvose vanoda kunzwisisa musimboti chiBuddha.

Nemamwe mabhuku chinozikamwa pamusoro Mahatma: "Revolution pasina mhirizhonga", "The Way kuna Mwari", "On Prayer" - dzakaunganidzwa kutaura ake mumakore akasiyana.

mhedziso

Ko Mahatma Gandhi aiva musande? Biography hwake mumakore achangodarika, anotaura kuti akanga achitarisira rufu rwechisimba, kwete zvachose kutya kwake. Zvikurukuru, akataura naye muzukurusikana, saka iye akamudana Mahatma chete kana aurawa uye iye akafa asina kuchema, nomunyengetero pamiromo yake. Rakange risiri pose, muzivi aiziva zvaakanga achitaura pamusoro. Akakwanisa hwokukurira vanhu vakaderera vomunyika yake, kuti nokusangana ake unhu nzanga munyika, vasati nemaune ichiparara dzakadzidzvinyirira aitonga panheyo "kamura uye kutonga".

basa rayo chikuru kune vanhu India kuti Mahatma, vakanga vauya pamba panguva pre-echimurenga ezvinhu 1905, kutanga shanduko, haana kupa nyika kuti Vaiisa mugomba rakadzikadzika mukirasi kwokuzvikudza, kufanana Russian tsarist hurumende nigilirovavshey. dzidziso yake uye enyika kurwisana kwete chete kwaibatanidza proletarians uye vanhuwo zvavo enyika, Mahatma Gandi akatanga pfungwa zvemagariro basa mupfungwa munyika vepamusoro.

Zvisinei, kuIndia, zvakanga echimurenga kufamba yakarongwa vemapoka, achida, kufanana Bulgakov kuti Sharikov, "zvose tora uye kugoverana. ' Vaivenga Gandhi nokuti dzidziso dzake, wakatorwa munyika, haana kuvapa chero mukana yacho mamiriro ezvinhu munyika. Muzivi kukwanisa vanoshora kunamata vanhu vanoedzwa vagadze udzvinyiriri. Naizvozvo, munhu anogona zvirokwazvo nharo kuti vakundwa vanoda kuwedzera ropa kuti zvematongerwo enyika, "baba rudzi" dzinotyisa anovengwa. With ake upenyu hwavo chinangwa kuti "baya glazik bourgeoisie" vaisagona kunyange kunzwika nevanhu, kwete kuti kunzwisisa.

Gandhi akaurayiwa January 30, 1948 mumwe echimurenga mupengo pedyo nomusha wake, kana vakamhanyiswa boka admirers. Uzivi agara nevanhu vari ushamwari pakachena kukurukura, pasina kushandisa kuchengeteka mabasa. Akafa ari makore 78 kubva, sezvo zvakakodzera Mahatma: pasina tinogomera, nomunyengetero, mukanganwire mhondi yake, achiva mureza wenyika Indian rudzi.