Xinhai Revolution muna China: kufambira mberi uye Zvaizobuda chimurenga

Xinhai Revolution muna China aiva chaiwo mugumisiro munyika zvakadzama dambudziko anenge vabatwa nayo rechi19 - mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi20. Panguva iyi vakava pachena chikonzero chikuru uye vachinje munyika, asi zvino hurumende yakanga anononoka zvinhu, kunyange zvazvo mamwe matanho zvichiri wakabatwa mirayiridzo iyi. Most pakarepo agadzirwa kubvuta masimba simba yemuna kuti kamwe zvakare vakazunza akare socio-zvoupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika.

Movement Zvinhu Zvichinjwe

Xinhai Revolution muna China, pfungwa, akanga hakudzivisiki tichifunga nezvokuti Empire kare kuderera. Izvi zvinoratidzwa zvakajeka kubudikidza zviitiko yapfuura remakore, panguva iyo yakaratidza neutera uye kutadza weHurumende rokukunda zvose zvemukati nenyonganyonga kwokunze yakakuwandira. Tiri kutaura Taiping Vakamukira uye chinodhaka Wars. Izvi zviviri ukapisa murwi kukuru vawana neutera chehurumende, asi zvakaita kuti kuzadziswa chikamu intelligentsia kudikanwa zvokukurumidzira kuchinja pamusoro Western womuenzaniso European, asi pamwe ndichengetedze zvetsika Chinese tsika uye tsika.

Kuchinja upfumi

Xinhai Revolution muna China kwakakonzerwa dzakaitika faniro kushandura yose magariro uye zvematongerwo enyika. mirayiridzo vatsigiri inonzi "kuzvidzora nemasimba" Imhaka yakakura yokuti vanhu kukaonekwa. mukuru ideologist Its akanga Kang Yu-Wei. Last akatsoropodza Imperial hurumende uye kunoda rakapotsa rokuvakazve hwakare. sangano iri, vose zvavo, zvinosanganisira yomunharaunda kudunhu, apo musoro simba nesimba kuti kukura zvoupfumi zvekutepfenyura. Ivo industrialize, kuvaka mafekitari, kutanga zvekutepfenyura zvemari. Under izvi ezvinhu, musimboti akaramba zvishoma ushamwari, kunyange nemashoko uye kunyange dzimwe nguva, chokwadi, vakatsigira kuchinja kufamba. Zvisinei, Xinhai Revolution muna China akanga chisingadzivisiki chaiyo nekuti hwakare of chiManchu youmambo yave akararama richibatsira wayo. At kwezana remakore payo akaramba mukurumbira wayo nokuda chiremera Empress Cixi, asi kunyange muzukuru wake Guangxu, uyo akatora choumambo, asi akanga pasi wake hanya, aiva murevereri pakati achinje zvikuru.

chimurenga

Mamiriro munyika pakutanga remakore, yakawedzera nokuda Kusagutsikana vemo kupinda munyika vatorwa. Chokutanga, hazvina chokuita mamishinari, uyewo zvebhizimisi uye zvemari nenhamba. Vagari China vaidavira kuti Western European simba isakarurama zvarinoita kukura nyika. idzodzi zvakakonzera chokuti zvose pamusoro nyika vakatanga kunetswa uye kurwisa navatorwa, izvo pakupedzisira kwakaguma Boxer yemuna muna 1900.

Misa kufamba kuti ndichengetedze zvitupa ndozvavava China muAsia nehope munguva. Xinhai Revolution akava Cherechedza kuratidzwa kwayo, asi rakanga pashure chakakomba zvemukati kwezvematongerwe enyika muumambo hwose. Pakutanga, hurumende Qing akazeza kana kutsigira yemuna Zvisinei, pakupedzisira, wakawira kurutivi rwake. Munyika, kwakatanga ousting vatorwa. Asi vaitungamirira inoti Western Europe nokukurumidza akaunganidza hondo huru uye woutsinye kutaura uye Cixi hurumende akaita kuyanana. Asi zvakanga chete zvishoma pamberi dzinokaroparuka itsva uye yokupedzisira kuwa umambo.

Pausiku ari kubvuta masimba

Xinhai Revolution muna China chokuita nezita Sun Yat-Sen, uyo panguva kwezana remakore uye vaiva Reform sangano. Zvisinei, munguva pamusoro zviitiko pakati pake uye vatsigiri anozvipira nemasimba akanga asiri kunzwisisa kwakakwana. Aiva murume akadzidza chaizvo uye aifarira kukuru transformations munyika yokumusha kwavo. Pano zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mumakore gumi pamberi chokupedzisira kuwa hwacho nzvimbo Chinese vechidiki ava chaizvo, izvo, ndagamuchira dzidzo mitemo Western Europe, kuedza kuti gadziridzo yose yezvinhu wakakwana.

Senguva dzose, mumakore nematambudziko munyika vakatanga kubuda vanhu uye masangano akasiyana-siyana kuti akatsigira sirogani anochinja. Ichi chaiva chinhu chinokosha musiyano kubva Boxer, uyo akaita kwete kuchinja, uye kuti zvibviswe kufurirwa avatorwa, kureva, chaizvoizvo, warambidzwa chero zvakagadzirwa kuMadokero womuenzaniso European, apo vakasikwa Sun Yat-Sen Union vakazivisa kudiwa vachipidigura yekare hwedzinza uye azere gadziridzo yose yezvinhu.

kuchinja centre

In ezvinhu aya, hurumende vasingagoni kuramba pakachengeteka ichimirira. Achiziva kukosha pakati sangano rokuchinja zvinhu kuti akaenda dzakatevedzana zviyero (asi kunyanya zvakakomba) kuitira kuderedza makakatanwa ari muvanhu uye kuti varatidze chido chavo kuti kuchinja. Saka, Somuenzaniso, akatora wandei matanho modernize hondo, matare, rave zviya chinyakare kuongororwa marongedzero chine bureaucracies uye zvikoro hurongwa. Vakanga vadzoka vachibva kwavakanga vatapwa, uye akaregererwa mamwe vanoshingaira vatsigiri dzinosimbisa vanozviriritira kufamba, vakatambura pakutanga remakore (vamwe vakaurayiwa, vamwe vakanga pasi kushoora, uye vakadzingwa munyika). Mukuwedzera, gwaro remitemo yambokurukurwa uye akaisa mberi dzaita kuungana paramende. Asi zvipikirwa zvose izvi hazvina kuridza hunogutsa chaizvo, uye pashure porufu rwake muna 1908, ari Empress Dowager Cixi akava pachena pekusadziviririka chimurenga.

Preparation uye kubvuta masimba

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, mashoko Xinhai Revolution muna China chokuita nezita Sun Yat-Sen. Akava kwayo Pfungwa mutungamiri uye zvakananga murongi. Zvaakasika sungano vatsigiri vake, iro zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera sezvo kuwandisa matambudziko umambo. Asi Chikurukuru, iye akasika dzematongerwe munguva yemberi hurongwa. Sun akagadzira zvitatu zvinokosha izvo vakaumba hwaro dzidziso yake nezveramangwana China "urudzi" - sapakuparadzwa ari mutorwa, chiManchu youmambo, "kusununguka" - pakagadzwa Republican-democratic kuitira uye vanhu akadini musimboti. Uyezve, iye akasika sangano idzva rinonzi Tunmenhuey, iyo yakava mutsigiri vose vatsigiri achinje zvikuru. By 1911 muna Empire makanga mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka nokuda kubvuta masimba. Varimi, vasingagutsikane zvoupfumi, nguva nenguva akatora zvombo. The Center, akavapindurawo, vakagamuchirwa dzakatevedzana matanho sungisa kutonga vacho, izvo zvakakonzera zvakatowanda Kusagutsikana. Xinhai Revolution muna China kwakaitika muna 1911: yakatanga kumaodzanyemba kwenyika uye akatora yakafarikana kutsvaira. Zvisinei, The kwokutanga kubvuta masimba kuedza, akatadza, asi pakazopera gore rino, umambo akawa.

Danho rokutanga

A guru basa kubvuta masimba wakapata hondo mutsva, uyo pakati aiva chinoshingaira manyepo pamusoro umambo. Asi chikungiso zviito zvombo semupi chokwadi pamusoro nationalization mamiriro rimwe makambani pakukura pakuvaka njanji. Izvi zvakakonzera dutu nehasha uye vasingagutsikani zvikurukuru chakasimba nokuda chipingaidzo ose dzimwe nyika kupinda munyika zvinoitwa munyika. Xinhai Revolution muna China akadana chiitiko, iyo yakatanga muna rimwe kumaodzanyemba mapurovhinzi Sichuan Empire muna September 1911. Pakutanga, vapanduki akarwisa yemapurisa uye mutero dhipatimendi Zvisinei, pashure mukanyiwa kupfura ane unarmed kuratidza munzvimbo yose chavagari amuka iro kunyange kukwanisa andobata huru peguta. Kubudirira kuita rakanga kukonzerwa kufurirwa iyo munguva dzenhamo kazhinji kushingaira epachivande,. Zvisinei, mari hombe nezvinhu hurumende vachiri vasaziva kupandukira, asi Anti-chiManchu manzwiro ari Empire chakasimba.

chechipiri gumbo

Xinhai Revolution muna China, makore 1911-1912, izvo, akaramba zvikuru simba idzva kuita nekupesana muguta Wuchang. It Hwakagadzirawo kutaura, asi vakava azviziva pachine. Yakatanga kuuraya uye kusungwa, ipapo tsamwisa vakapfuura yose reuto. Izvi zvakaitika muna October 1911. Vapanduki akakundawo Tricity, akaumba hurumende warwo, uye kundodana kuparadzwa pakati Qing dzinza roumambo, uye hurumende pachayo akanzi zvokuvhoterwa.

Residents hurumende nechisimba mumatanda zvose pasi, asi chinonyanya kukosha, akakwanisa kuwana pamusoro nhengo weuto itsva, iyo vaiitawo muzvinhu zvakawanda vaipa kubudirira kwokumukira. The Center zvakakomba zvikuru rapanzvimbo kufamba uye kudana kubva kuutapwa matarenda zvayo Yuan Shikai, hurumende vakamupa kudzvinyirira kupandukira, asi iye, somumiririri zvakanaka akaramba nekuti hazvina seungano murwi. Ipapo hurumende akaedza sheedzera paramende uye hurumende, asi nezviyero izvi havana kwakatungamirira chinhu. Tough zvakaitwa nezviremera iri kudzvinyirira vanoverengeka maguta Makaisa vanhu zvakatowanda pamusoro nepakati, uye pakupedzisira, Dare Council Chamber vakatsigira Republicans, vachirayira kuongorora nyaya yacho.

Wechitatu Danho

Xinhai Revolution muna China, zvinokonzera iyo - rezvematongerwo enyika rakadzika matambudziko uye kwakaderera Imperial simba, akawana kwakapararira pashure apo wokumaodzanyemba zhinji mapurovhinzi akabatana vapanduki. Under izvi ezvinhu, musimboti akaedza zvakare kutaurirana chicanery. Akabvunza nokuda kwebasa rake zvinotevera ezvinhu: Kazhinji ruregero, kuchinjwa kwaari simba rose, pasi convening yeparamende uye Cabinet. Nepo mativi vaiva Nhaurirano idzi, kupandukira itsva yakatanga October wegore iroro muna Shijiazhuang, iyo vanotyisidzira kwira kuva mukuru kurwisa Beijing nokuda pakuputsa imba youmambo. budiriro Izvi hazvina kufadza Shikai, vaigona kugara kure. Chete pashure kupondwa rimwe vatungamiriri vatsva weuto mutiny kwave kwenguva duku akarembedzwa.

Danho chechina

Xinhai Revolution muna China, uchiteverwa hurukuro yacho huru yakareba, yakatanga nokukurumidza guru chikamu pfupi nokuti kuti vapanduki vakabatana hondo mauto. Pashure pezviitiko izvi muguta guru umambo akatanga kutya: nhengo dzakawanda chiManchu kwamachinda pakarepo vakasiya nyika. Panguva ino, mufananidzo zvikuru kukosha akava Shikai, izvo, chaizvoizvo, kubudikidza kugumisa nesimba Kesari abvuta masimba mutongi mukuru, sezvo wehurumende.

Zvisinei, kumukira akaramba achikura ari akurumidze kumhanya. Mukupera October, mumwe pashure mumwe akatanga mauto evapanduki of Nanyang. Zvichakadai, Shikai wechi kutsigira dzinoverengeka masimba Western, uyo aitarisira kuti kuzomisa kumukira. Zvisinei, mukuru pachake akanga asina kukurumidza kutora basa matanho, sezvo kuti tirambe simba ravo uye simba, nounyanzvi vaifambisa pakati Republicans uye Imperial simba. mativi ose vakatsvaka kutsvaga rutsigiro rwake, uye kwenguva yakati havana kuenda pachena yokurwisana nezvombo, achitarisira kuti rugare ugari. Shikai zvakare kutyisidzirwa dzemhuri youmambo mukana kuparadza simba Republicans pangozi kudzvinyirira ari kumukira. Iye akaramba ari kudiwa yepamutemo umambo, asi vapanduki akabvunza muRepublic, kugamuchira chokwadi kuti mukuru pachake akava mutungamiri. Zvichakadaro, vari Empire akaramba pfungwa yokuzvimiririra kubva pakati wandei enyika.

zviito Shikai

Xinhai Revolution muna China, iyo inozivikanwa nokuva yatinenge zvikuru zvakasimba deadlines, wakapinda wandei kuramba tichishanda danho iri mumatsutso 1911 somugumisiro hurukuro pakati mukuru wemakurukota, The Imperial zviremera uye Republicans. Zvisinei, achiziva kuti nekuda nokusimbaradza simba raro, zvakakodzera kusvetukira mukati, iye akaronga kuri kukurumidza kusvika kumaodzanyemba kuti kutyisidzira vapanduki, uye muratidze simba rake. Kutora Hanyang, akasarudza kurega ikoko, sezvo pokukundwa pakati Republicans yakakwana yakanga isiri chikamu ake urongwa, akanga achitarisira kuti kuramba kuita pakati pavo uye Imperial masimba.

Pashure pezviitiko izvi, Prime Minister aenda kuti kubvuma chete vapanduki: yaakaita chibvumirano navo, maererano iyo nyika yakakamurwa muzvikamu zviviri: kuchamhembe, apo umambo rakachengetedzwa, uye kumaodzanyemba, apo Republic yakatangwa. Shikai vaiona pamwe Republicans mukana kuva mumiriri kuti purezidhendi, apo zvishoma nezvishoma zvishoma nesimba pamusoro youmambo utungamiri. In ake pasi mubati yamambo tete, asina kunakidzwa simba. Chidzidzo "Xinhai Revolution mu China" Zvinofadza nokuti chinoratidza swiftness ari kubvuta masimba, uye irreversibility wokuwa umambo. Zvisinei, mashoko wakazara vapanduki Republicans chizadzike kubatana zvizere. Izvi zvakanga kunyanya nyaya panguva kwakadzama muna December 1911, apo North kuita cohesively, apo rwezasi yakakamurwa. Nokuda kuti Nhaurirano yakaenderera mberi chic, Republicans mumaoko simba kuna Sun Yat-Sen, asi nemamiriro kuti kusiya ake pambiru kana wekutanga zvinokundikana kubvuma. Kwenguva pfupi muhofisi, iye akakwanisa wokubatanidza mauto okumaodzanyemba pamwe nokusika kwekanguva Seneti kuzvidzora. Ipapo Shikai akati nezvokukosha achengetedze umambo, uye kumaodzanyemba, akavapindurawo, tikatyisidzirwa naye hondo.

pokugadzwa imwe zvokuvhoterwa

Results of Xinhai Revolution muna China vari zvikuru ramangwana venyika ino, sezvo zvakaita kuti kuparadzwa pakati Qing dzinza. Izvi zvakaitika muna February 1915, uye mukuru rakaparidzirwa mutungamiri.

Sun Yat-sen ari vafarire kubatana nenyika akapa nzira dzake simba General chicanery, uyo musangano muparamende kuchamhembe. uyezve, zvisinei, muviri uyu akatadza vaumbe hurumende, mutongi mutsva akamboedza kudzorera umambo kuti akasangana kushorwa munyika simba. Migumisiro Xinhai Revolution muna China zvinofungidzirwa zvakasiyana dzakaitika, vazhinji vacho vanoti kushaya chirongwa imwe kubva vapanduki, mukuru webato uye coherence.

Shikai muna 1915 akazivisa pachake mambo uye kwazvo korona mumuzinda, azivise kudiwa kudzorerwa yekare. Izvi zvakazoita kuti activation rutsva Republican kumaodzanyemba. Pashure Xinhai Revolution muna China akachinja kwokunze enyika mamiriro ezvinhu munyika. Imwe migumisiro yacho inokosha yaiva nekupatsanurwa kubva mamiriro kuMongolia, izvo yawana rusununguko.