The paradigm kusuduruka - ndiko ... The mienzaniso tsananguro. Thomas Kuhn, "The Structure pamusoro Scientific nokumukirana"

In pokuongorora kukura kwacho zvarwo, sezvo nevazivi akagadzira mitemo yayo inokosha. Mune imwe wavo kunoyerwa mberi nzira. Inonzi mutemo negation kuti negation. Maererano kukura iri zononoka. At mumwe dzoro anobata nokudzokorora pezvakaitwa, asi panguva dzakakwirira nhanho. Chimwe mutemo pakutsvaga kugadzira mazano. Hegel akadana ayo achichinja kubva uwandu kuna unhu. Maererano nomutemo uyu, kukura ndiye zvishoma nezvishoma kuwedzera kwenhamba kuchinja havana yakajeka zvitsva zvinhu. Asi pashure richisvika mumwe ukoshi chinhu Qualitative achikwakuka. muganhu uyu kunotaurwa Hegel nechiyero.

Pfungwa pave evanhu kuziva, kunyanya pakutsvakurudza uye tsika bhora, kunoitika kuburikidza kuunganidza vamwe kuchinja quantitative. Paaizosvika matanho ivo simuka Qualitative achikwakuka - nesayenzi chimurenga. A paradigm kusuduruka Saka chinokosha kukura kwacho. Funga zvakare kuti zvinoitika uye chii zviitiko zvinogona ndinopupura nezvayo.

Paradigm - iri nemashoko nyore?

Izwi iri rinobva Greek. Model Pfungwa dambudziko uye ayo anoshanda ari yokutanga kwenguva chaiyo munguva - ndiwo paradigm. Chii nemashoko nyore? Paradeigma yakananga fashoni nzira mukuronga uye matambudziko tsvakurudzo. Kutsauka mariri ingangova kuwana kunzwisisa zvakarurama masayendisiti. Pane mienzaniso yakasiyana-siyana ayo tsika. Kuchinja paradigms kwakanyorwa chinonyanya nyore kunoenzanisirwa nokuenzanisa imwe nguva.

ari specificity of

The paradigm kusuduruka - mumwe muitiro refu zvakakwana. Haaiti kukurumidza kuitika uye achabatsirwa zvishoma nezvishoma nhanganyaya pfungwa itsva mupfungwa vakawanda masayendisiti. Papera kanguva, kupararira, muenzaniso itsva inova ndozvakajairwa maonero. zvinhu zvakawanda muupenyu chinoitwa Ringanidzo. Nokudaro, akarongeka zvinetso kuitwa kushandisa kuvazivisa mhinduro. Facts dzinopesana asimbiswa mienzaniso kazhinji vachinzwisisa sezvo manyepo kana kunyange kuteerera. Zvisinei, sezvinoratidzwa nenhoroondo sayenzi, mumwe paradigm kuchinja - dzinongoitika chinoshamisa.

taimu tebhuro

Paaizosvika imwe nhamba itsva chokwadi pane kuparadzwa nokukurumidza hwakagadzwa womuenzaniso. At chawo mugadziriro itsva aumbwa. Rinoshandisa mamwe Pfungwa uye nzira hwaishandiswa ane zvakakwana kududzirwa zvakachengetwa mashoko. Shanduko paradigms yesayenzi kazhinji nezvakaitwa girafu. The chinjikira akabatana rinoratidza nguva t, uye hunyambiri - zvikurukuru Abstract tsika N uye p. Recent zvaizobatsira ukuru kukura chirango uye mwero muzvigadzirwa mberi pamusoro nguva. yokupedzisira zvinoratidzwa munhu Dziine mutsetse kukura uye kuchinja rokutanga - a mutsetse hwakasimba. Horizontal zvikamu zvinoenderana hwakagadzwa womuenzaniso. On pamawere zvikamu paradigm kuchinja kunoitika. Izvi Chiitiko mumabhuku ano runoenzanirana izita. On pamawere zvikamu chete zvinoitika kuti munhu Qualitative munogodorerei, rakanga ambotaurwa. Inonzi zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu, chimurenga.

Kukura nesayenzi

Yakakurumbira yekare anopa mashoko akanyorwa zvinosanganisira mangwanani China, Greece uye Ijipiti. zera ravo vanenge zviuru zvitatu zvemakore. Kumboda dzine ruzivo kubva zvokurapa, masvomhu, nezvenyeredzi, kunzwisisa zvinokosha muupenyu. Scientific basa kare kare kuitwa nemasayendisiti vakapararira - vakachenjera. Kunyange zvazvo pakanga pasina mufananidzo wakajeka maonero, zvichiguma yokusakwanisa nekuita pakati nevazivi rinenge rakazara. Zvichida nokuti ichi yakabuda pfungwa huru huru dzidziso kushandiswa nhasi.

Somuenzaniso, vanhu vakawanda vanoziva sei weboka denderedzwa akaita kuti 360 inegumi. Zvichakadai, muenzaniso uyu akabva muIjipiti yekare. Zvaidavirwa kuti gore hunosanganisira 360 mazuva. Panguva ino, zuva rinotsanangura denderedzwa. Saka, rimwe zuva yakaenzana 1/360 Chiedza kufamba chinhu chakakombama. Zvadaro, ukoshi ichi kwave akakweretwa ne maArab ainzi ari "dhigirii". In mabasa vazivi vekare vechiGiriki anogona kunzi imwe kufananidzwa paradigm. Vekare akanga kunyatsonzwisisa zvakasikwa kuvimbika. Nokudaro sainzi haina akavakamura kuva yoga anoranga uye mabasa somunhu dzinongoitika uzivi.

nevafungi yekare

Yakakurumbira Nyanzvi ekare dzinosanganisira Thales pamusoro paMireto, Ptolemy, Archimedes, Democritus, uye, chokwadi, Aristotle. Chokutanga, zvinoita sokuti ndiye aiva wekutanga uya akaudza nyika pamusoro magetsi chinonakidza. Democritus zvoga dzidziso maatomu maumbirwo zvinhu. Archimedes nheyo hydrostatics uye hurongwa. Ptolemy yakagadzirwa redunhu maumbirwo zvakasikwa, yaakanga kwakavakirwa ake hwenyeredzi kuvakwa.

Zvichakadaro, mumwe anokosha kukura yesayenzi paradigm runoonekwa Aristotle. Aiva chipangamazano pakati Macedon. Mukuru wavarwi haana kumbobvira akanganwa pamusoro mudzidzisi wake. Aristotle kwete chete kuwana zvakasiyana zvaioneka yesangano, asi zvinyorwa, yaiva uchenjeri akabatwa dzomunyika Great. Nokuda rubatsiro urwu musayendisiti akakwanisa kuumba chikoro guru nesayenzi. Aristotle akagadzira zvinokosha wevakadzidza zvisingarambiki, akasika wokutanga enderana kuunganidzwa zvose dzidziso nguva yake. Yakanga chikoro ake akava munharaunda kuti akaumba rekare paradigm sayenzi. Naizvozvo musayendisiti maonero canonised Roman Catholic Church. pfungwa dzake vanoramba kwenguva refu chaizvo nguva imwe chokutanga. A paradigm chaishanda ruzivo rwesayenzi panguva nokuramba wakaomerera panzira woutsinye. A rinokosha iri kuridzwa pano nokuda Mutsvene Raibvunzurudza. Izvi kunosimbiswa mienzaniso Nikolaya Kopernika uye Galileo.

dzidziso hauremi

The paradigm kusuduruka - ndiko, pakutanga kwezvose, kuparadzwa pre-yaivapo pfungwa. With kukura vanhu, vakawanda maonero Aristotle vakanga vasisiri akakodzera uye zvakakwana. Nokufamba kwenguva, hwaro tsanangudzo dzakawanda zvakasikwa yaiva pfungwa hauremi, kusimba zvinhu, chiito sevatakuri zvimwe unhu chaiko. Tsananguro Manyiminya migumisiro inobva kutanga dzidziso vibrations mune hauremi ethers. Heat Yakasvika kuzvibatanidza pamwe mazara mvura, yainzi caloric.

Magnetic uye dzemagetsi mananara wakawana tsananguro dzavo. Zvikurukuru, kuvapo kwavo chokuita kuvapo mvura maviri ane zvakasiyana polarity mhosva, uye mumwe rinobva. Gare gare, Franklin, purezidhendi America, kusiya chete mumwe wavo. Kuvapo Its akasarudzwa aine "+", uye kushaya ukuwo, "-". Munyika yanhasi, muenzaniso uyu zvinoratidzwa weboka mhosva pamusoro kunaka uye zvakanaka. Dzidziso hauremi refu havasisipo, asi notation kwayo akasara.

Features

Kushandisa paradigm kunosanganisira kushandiswa kare yokusvika muitiro kukurukura imwe dzidziso. Senzira evanhu pakukura chokwadi rinoreva nezvokuvapo kuzviitira mananara. Somunhu anokosha zvinokonzera rimwe paradigm kuchinja anonzi inotevera. Kuchinja mapatani tsunga nokufamba kwenguva uye, naizvozvovo, kukura maonero munzanga. American muzivi uye musayendisiti Thomas Kuhn akatsanangura sei kuzvitsinhanisa dzidziso. Chakagamuchirwa panguva chaiyo womuenzaniso ine zvakawanda nyaya uye matambudziko zvine zvazvinoreva uye mhinduro. All zviitiko uye mananara kuti murege achawira mariri, havakodzeri nezvawo. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti padanho rimwe nerimwe Kugadzirwa muvanhu kune dzose pfungwa, izvo anoshanda mukati hwakagadzwa womuenzaniso.

"Structure pamusoro Scientific nokumukirana"

Naizvozvo akatumidza zvikuru, maererano masayendisiti remakore rechimakumi maviri, bhuku rinoratidza musimboti kuchinja ari kuziva munzanga. Thomas Kuhn, munyori akatarira kukura vaviri kuparadzwa rekare uye kubuda mupfungwa mafungiro matsva kurutivi dambudziko. Nokuda kwavari, mune zvaanofunga, kune zvitsva dzidziso uye hypotheses. Pfungwa paradigm kusuduruka pacharo nomunyori haana kupa mhinduro dzemibvunzo yakawanda. Zvisinei, chinhu chitsva nzira yokuratidza musimboti kudzvanya nyaya iri ongororo yavo. basa Kuhn ndiro chinzvimbo uye rine itsva pfungwa. Izvi zvakaita kuti vakawanda bhuku kwaita gakava inoipoteredza.

Mukati dzidziso

By tsanangudzo, muzivi, chimurenga dzesayenzi chinhu shanduko epistemological iri huripo womuenzaniso. Pasi payo, munyori achipfeka nokubudirira vakaziva nemasayendisiti zvose uye kupa kwenhambo Zano mukuronga matambudziko uye nzira dzokuagadzirisa nadzo vomunharaunda. The paradigm kusuduruka - ndiko, maererano muzivi, anomaly vasabatwa muitiro kuti hazvigoni kutsanangurwa maererano kwose akagamuchira womuenzaniso. The kuitika dzidziso inofanira kuonekwa kwete sezvinoita magetsi zano, asi nyika yose, pazviri aripo, pamwe mapepa zvinobva kushandiswa kwayo.

The kusawirirana paradigm, zvinotora nzvimbo nedanho Qualitative kusvetuka, ndivo zvikurukuru kuti kusawirirana akasiyana ukoshi mugadziriro, nzira zvinogadzirisa nekuyera, pakuongorora tsika, asi haana kungogumira mifananidzo zvenyika. Yaida womuenzaniso kwakatosiyana munyori dzidziso chiNazi positivists pakuti nezvokuti munhu vatsvakurudzi, asi kwete abstraction zvinhu chete kwouzivi kana musoro.

dzinoshanda tsanangudzo

Muenzaniso sei yokutsiva paradigm mauto funga mashoko chete nenzira dzakasiyana, anoita somunhu zvingori mumaziso "Tsuro-Dhadha". Nokufamba kwenguva, mukati nechirango kuunganidza ruzivo rwakakwana pamusoro zvinokosha anomalies, aipikisana aivapo dzidziso. Panguva iyi kunouya nesayenzi dambudziko. Nokufamba payo yaitwa kuongorora pfungwa itsva, iyo kusvikira panguva iyoyo vakanga vasina kumbofunga nezvazvo kana uchinge arambwa. Somugumisiro, dambudziko zvesayenzi paradigm kusuduruka kwapera. The muenzaniso itsva anotora pamusoro nevatsigiri vake. Kubvira, kuti vakangwara hondo vatsigiri akare mutsa uye mutsivi wake paradigm. Kuwedzera nhamba yemakwikwi zvokusarudza, chido uye chido chokuedza nzira itsva, kukurukura dzinokosha zvinotaurwa dzinoratidza kuchinja kubva chakaipa yokudzidza muitiro kuti zvinoshamisa.

Kutsiviwa remagetsi nemaonero relativistic Einstein Maxwell anogona kushanda muenzaniso wefizikisi remakore rechi20. Kuchinja uku pamwe akatevedzana nenharo nharo kuti nokuunza empirical mashoko. Somugumisiro makakatanwa pamusoro yose akaziva Einstein pfungwa.

zviitiko

In tsika, pane zvishomanana chaiwo mienzaniso ine paradigm kuchinja. Zvichakadaro, mumwe nhamba masayendisiti akati akataurwa rakachena yaitsiva mumwe muenzaniso mumwe anogona kuonekwa bedzi pamusoro chikamu asi Abstract kuchinjwa. Kana tikadzidza muitiro zvakadzama, zviri chaizvoizvo zvakaoma kuona nguva yacho kusvetuka. Punzikira tsanangudzo Kuhn anotevera zviitiko:

1. Kusanganisa chekare Physics Newton mune chokuita mechanistic dzidziso.
2. Kugadzirwa yaDarwin yokushanduka-shanduka. Iye akasunda kusikwa nemaonero chinokosha tsananguro dzakasiyana-siyana zviripo upenyu Panyika.
3. The Kugadzirwa quantum wefizikisi. Chirango akasarudza panowanikwa dzenhoroondo makanika.
4. Kubvuma dzidziso tectonic mahwendefa sezvo tsanangudzo huru-pamwero kuchinja nyika kuti zvemaumbirwo.

venguva dzidziso

Akanga pakupedzisira kuumbwa mukutanga remakore rechi20. At chawo akarara pasi musimboti Matambudziko. Zvinonzi inobva pfungwa kuti kuferefeta zvakajeka uye zvachose chinovapo kubva ezvinhu emagetsi ayo. Yakadaro kududzira causal ukama chagumbura, uyewo pfungwa mupi werutemo ane dzaitevera zviitiko rakakwana. Musimboti dzidziso kwakunoitwa musimboti of Determinism yesayenzi, Laplace abudisa. Maererano naye, zviitiko zvose zvinogona precalculation kuburikidza pakugadzirisa rimwe nhamba equations ose dzekare wefizikisi. Zvose zvaiva zvakajeka uye zviri nyore, uye vazhinji mananara akatsanangurirwa kuburikidza muenzaniso uyu.

Zvisinei, kuvandudzika muzvigadzirwa, pakutanga zvemagetsi, wakasika itsva mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira chimurenga. Qualitative waruka yakaitika nekaupenyu achangobva. Literature yakabudiswa pezana remakore rapfuura, uchine zviratidzo makakatanwa ari yakarurama pamusoro zveBhaibheri zvitsva. Panyaya iyi vemazuva ano anoona zvakagadzirwa izvi unozvipiwa.

mhedziso

The zvokugadzira zvinhu chimurenga, izvo akasimuka somugumisiro yazvino dzidziso dzematongerwe, munguva okutanga emakore remakore rechi20. Ndechokupemberera Pfungwa wokutanga quantum pfungwa, izvo zvinopikiswa nezvokuvapo dzekare mupi werutemo. chimurenga uyu zvakaita kuti inokosha kuchinja kunzwisisa kwemakemikari zvisungo. A paradigm itsva aikudzwa kududzirwa nheyo Matambudziko. Sezvo chinokosha aivapo womuenzaniso kuzivikanwa nhasi unoreva zvakawanda zvakazokonzerwa ezvinhu. Zvinokonzera kubereka zvimwe zviitiko neumwe mukana.

Zvinonzi yakawanda creators chimurenga ano mune zvesainzi, pakuzvipira kuna dzenhoroondo dzinongoitika nezvesayenzi yemashoko maonero enyika, akafa, uye vasingakwanisi kushivirira kushaya mukana pakupedzisira akatsanangura pakuvhurwa pfungwa anoshandiswa kare akaita nazvo.