Social Development muRussia: siyana, simba, nhoroondo

Social uye enyika kusimudzira Russia muna 1894-1904 nokuda paumbwe mafungiro itsva zvavo vanogara. Panzvimbo zvatinosiita "Mwari Ponesa chevaux!" In mumigwagwa rakabudisa pachena, "Down ne autocracy!" Zvose izvi zvakakonzera pakupedzisira kuti njodzi, wakange asina kwakafanana yose-gore zviuru nhoroondo wehurumende yedu. Chii chakaitika? Ndamukirwa pamusoro, vachitsigirwa nezvinenge zvaitika, kana zvirokwazvo mumagariro kukura kwakaita kuti chii vanhu vakakumbira chinja?

Sei pa-soro maruva youpfumi, sainzi, tsika, dzidzo, kurima uye maindasitiri munyika, mambo akava "Ropa wamambo"? Chokwadi, nhoroondo haana SUBJUNCTIVE kumunetsawo. Asi, kana Nicholas II zvechokwadi "munhu veropa kuuraya marudzi," sezvo nevaairarama rinonzi, vangadai vasina chimurenga, apo zvavanobata Putilov fekitari, mitezo uto kugadzirwa vose huru maindasitiri guta munyika aidai akapfurwa se "vatengesi venyika Motherland" muHondo Yenyika II . The chete zvakaitika pashure pokuchinja, panguva gavhuna wenyika vaKomonisiti musimba. Asi muna 1884, hapana munhu aigona asina kuzivikanwa. More ruzivo pamusoro evanhu kukura kwenzanga panguva iyoyo, huchakurukurwa.

Matangiro Ayakaita

Kuchinja pachena pfungwa October 20 akatanga, 1894. On nhasi, akafa Kesari Alexander III, akagamuchira kubva vanoonga vakararama uye nezvizvarwa remadunhu- "muvandudzi." Akauya choumambo nomwanakomana wake Nicholas II - chimwe chezvinhu dzichipesana mukufambisira munhoroondo yedu pamwe Ivan vanotyisa uye Iosifom Stalinym. Asi, kusiyana navo, mambo uye vaisagona ugoisa Chikwata "muurayi" uye "kuuraya", kunyange izvi zvaitwa, zvichida zvakanaka pakati zvose venhau Soviet. Rakanga wokupedzisira Russian chevaux kutanga kukura zvikuru kukurumidza emuchina munzanga kukura kurutivi kuparadzwa pakati autocracy. Asi zvinhu zvokutanga pakutanga.

Biography Nikolaya Aleksandrovicha Romanova

Nicholas II akaberekwa musi May 6, 1868. On nhasi, vaKristu tsaurai tsvene kwaJobho Kutambura. The Emperor pachake akatenda - chiratidzo chokuti anoti takangosikwa kutambura muupenyu. Saka chii chakaitika pashure - social kukura kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti kuvavenga autocracy vanhu muzvirevo remakore zvasvika kubika pfungwa uye zvakaguma kusingarapiki nemigumisiro. Emakore hasha vanhu dzakawira chaiyo mambo kuti, kuti mukuru kupfuura madzibaba avo vose nehanya nokugara zvakanaka dzavo vanhu. Chokwadi, pamwe chete pfungwa iyi maonero, vazhinji nharo, asi sezvo vachiti, sei vanhu vakawanda, pfungwa dzakawanda.

Nicholas II akanga akadzidza zvakanaka, aiziva mitauro yakawanda yokumwe zvakakwana, asi nguva dzose aitaura Russian.

Liberal enyika akarembera Labels vake simba kwake munhu asina kutora akazvimirira sarudzo uye vagara pasi simba kwevakadzi: kutanga mai uye mukadzi wake. Solutions, mu pfungwa dzavo, vachitora chipangamazano uyo akarangana mambo wokupedzisira. VaKomonisiti iye achinzi "ropa mudzvinyiriri", izvo zvakazoita Russia kunjodzi.

Labels All vanoda nharo, uye kuyeuka ropa 1921 pamwe gobvu yaiuya ari Cheka, uye nguva Stalin kuti udzvanyiriri. "Bloody mudzvinyiriri" kunyange akapfura vaya muHondo Yenyika II sabotaged hurukuro chingwa uye zvombo kuti kumberi pakupera 1916, apo varwi Russian vakafa nenzara uye kushaya zvombo anomanikidzwa kuenda mberi kwacho nemaoko ake pamusoro pfuti. Chokwadi, vanhuwo zvavo masoja haana kunzwisisa zvinokonzera kuitika zvechokwadi, uye unyanzvi vanoparadzira mashoko nekukurumidza akawana mhaka zvose zvakaipa zviri pamberi wokupedzisira Russian mambo.

Uyewo Nicholas II uye simba kwake munhu pachake akatora nezvisarudzo zvakawanda enyika zvinopesana maonero yakapoteredza vashoma, iyo bourgeoisie, misoro kwamachinda uye courtiers mhuri. Asi havana kuti "vachida imwe zviduku anodzvinyirira," uye kugadzirisa matambudziko akakomba zvavo. Wokupedzisira mazano akadana chete uyo dzaitenda pfungwa yake maonero, saka zvisizvo sunungukei enyika.

January 17, 1895, Nicholas II akazivisa pamusoro kuchengeteka autocracy uye yekare, iyo yaibva akafanosarudza pakuzadzisa munyika. Revolutionary mujinga pashure mashoko aya vakatanga kutora chimiro pamwe kumboitika akurumidze, kana ayo munhu nemaune vakarongwa kubva kunze.

Social uye enyika kukura Russia muna 1894-1904 gore: hondo iri yepamusoro echelons simba

Zviri kukanganisa kufunga kuti paradzanisa kwaingova pakati vanhuwo zvavo. Social budiriro zvakakonzera chokwadi kuti kunyange pakati soro vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika pamusoro mamiriro vakava kusiyana pamusoro nzira pave Russia. Kutambura kusingaperi kuWestern liberals, flirts pamwe European uye American nyika nyika kuzvikudza, kuedza patsanura Russia nenzira ipi, uye zvinowedzerwa panguva ino. Zvinosuruvarisa kushaya "risiri yendarama" uye kunzwisisa kuti zvoupfumi, zvematongerwo enyika uye magariro kukura munyika vanofanira kupinda kubatana kuMadokero, asi pakudzivirira mumhuri nezvido, kwagara munhau yedu. Nhasi nguva haisati yashanduka zvinhu. Tiripo kana patriots munyika vanoda kumira voga, kuti warega pose, kana norupo, kupa zvose tobvuma kunyika dzevatorwa.

Nicholas II vakatevera mutemo panheyo "zvinoreva yendarama" akaita kuti iye muvengi wokutanga uye yechipiri. Chokwadi chokuti mambo kwaingova mutsigiri kwemubatanidzwa pamwe West pakudzivirira mumhuri nezvido, akati enyika mumhuri hondo pakati nemauto maviri, vose vavo Akarumbidza ruzhinji hofisi.

dzokumadokero

Wokutanga akanga Western liberals, inotungamirwa rezvemari S. Yu. Vitte. Chavainyanya basa - kukura munyika upfumi .. Industry, kurima, etc. The kwemaindasitiri munyika, maererano Witte, zvinofanira kuchinja zvikuru socio-enyika kukura. It achabvumira kugadzirisa zvinotevera mabasa:

• Kuunganidza mari agadzirise dzokusimukira matambudziko.
• Kudziridza kurima tichiregeredza nani uye isingadhuri zvichienzaniswa kupinza, nematurusi.
• Chokuumba kirasi mutsva - the bourgeoisie, iyo inogona kwakanga kusingaenderani chinyakare kwamachinda, uchishanda nheyo "kamura uye kutonga".

kuzvikudza

Panotangira ari kuchinja mauto akanga Interior Minister V. K. Pleve, uyo akanga gare gare vakaurayiwa nemagandanga, uyewo mamwe kuchitsigira Patriot, uyo akaita kuti kukura Russia dzakawanda zvose - P. A. Stolypina. Strange nezviso uye kuti hapana aifarira-Western Vagadziri gwara haana kutambura mu "reropa Kuchenesa" nemagandanga kuipandukira mukupera XIX - mangwanani XX emakore, iyo ainzi nevamwe Russian mamiriro pamwe warwo mafungiro uye tsika.

Pleven aidavira kuti zveupfumi uye enyika kukura haagoni kukanganiswa "saibva" vechiduku vari "utachiona" aifarira-Western pfungwa, nomutorwa kuti nyika yedu. Russia - nyika yayo Vector okukura. Reform Chokwadi, zvakafanira, asi havafaniri kutyora zvose evanhu masangano, iro rakavapo pamusoro emakore.

Kukura kuzvipokanidza

Revolution, sezvo tichiziva, vakaita maoko vaduku. Russia ndiyo asingasiyi panhau iyi. Wokutanga vakawanda okutsutsumwa muna 1899 akatanga pakati vadzidzi kuda kodzero kudzorera kuzvionera kuti kumayunivhesiti. Asi "hurumende reropa" asingadi kuva vakawanda kupfura pamusoro demonstrators, hapana asungwa, uye pakati varongi. Zviremera inongova akatuma wandei kurovedzera kuhondo, uye "mudzidzi rokumukira" pakarepo kuzodzimwa.

Zvisinei, muna 1901, akakuvadzwa nokuda Minister of Education N. P. Bogolepov aimbova mudzidzi P. Karpovich. chigaro ichi ane mukuru mukuru pashure refu yokumbozorora kurwiswa nemagandanga hwairatidza kuti mumagariro kukura kunotungamirira achinje.

Muna 1902 kupandukira kwakatanga kumaodzanyemba enyika munyika pakati vanhuwo zvavo. Vaiva ndisingambofariri kushaya panyika. Zviuru boka akarwisa imba landlords ', zvokudya mumatura, dzokuchengetera, nokuisa pavo.

Kuti agadzirise zvinhu akakwezva muchiuto, iyo zvaisambobvumirwa kushandisa zvombo. Izvi zvinoratidza mano zviremera kutungamirira mirairo uye panguva iyoyo anoratidza zvose hurumende "ropa". The chete chiyero chakakura kureva vaikurudzira, vakanga pasi pachena Kurohwa. No vakawanda kuuraya, uye vaiurayiwa vave akanyorwa zvenhoroondo dzekare. Enzanisa ndinoda kuyeuka zviitiko zvakaitika makore 20 gare gare muna Tambov province. Pane vakawanda kumukira Bolsheviks zvokudya akapakatira. Hurumende Soviet akarayira kushandisa makemikari zvombo kurwisa vanhuwo zvavo, vakanga vakavanda mumasango, uye nemhuri dzavo kubuda mhando wevasungwa, izvo akadzinga vakadzi nevana. Varume vakatoita kuchinjana mutengo hwavo yokusunungura navo.

The Mhirizhonga Finland

Zvakanga kunzvaira, uye nyika borderlands. Kokutanga munhoroondo hwokupinda Finland kupinda Russia muna 1899, hurumende nechepakati rinoitwa zvinotevera matanho:

• Shoma National Diet.
• Akatanga zvinyorwa utariri muchiRussia.
• Ivo emauto akadzingwa mabasa hondo yenyika.

izvi zvose haabatsiri asi kutaura kwekuoma enyika kuda Nicholas II, iyo kubva pamberi payo kunyange kutsunga vatongi havana kuenda zvakadaro. Chokwadi, Finns vakanga vasingafari, asi ngatiite kufungidzira kuti chikamu hurumende rudzi kuzvionera, apo mari bhajeti mari kukura, asi ine yayo hondo, mitemo, hurumende, izvo zvisiri pasi pakati, vose yepamutemo nyaya dzemapepa zvinoitwa mutauro munyika. Finland akanga asiri muhutongi Russian Empire, sezvo rakaita kuti vanoti vezvourudzi omunharaunda uye akazvimirira miganhu Unit, vakanakidzwa dziviriro uye kutsigirwa nemari Center.

Social uye enyika kusimudzira Russia 1894-1904 nokuda chidzoke uye kukura rutsva simba, iyo ichange kutamba chihombe munhau yedu - veboka RSDLP.

Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP)

Muna March 1902 I akatora bato Congress Minsk kubva 9 vanhu, 8 vacho vakasungwa kuti debunks ngano nekusagona ose Vezvemitemo kuziva unoranganawo. Zvinotisimbisa haatauri chinhu pamusoro wadii asungwa wechipfumbamwe nhumwa uye chii akanga.

II Congress yakaitirwa July-August 1903, 2 years asati Russian chimurenga wokutanga muna 1905, kubva Russia - muLondon uye kweBrussels. It kushandisa mutemo purogiramu mubato.

Shoma purogiramu RSDLP

Modern mapato anopikisa kunyange kutya nezvezvinodikwa mabasa byliu Party RSDLP. minimum:

1. Sapakuparadzwa pamusoro autocracy uye kugadzwa nevanhu zvokuvhoterwa.
2. suffrage Universal uye democratic sarudzo.
3. Kodzero marudzi yokuzvitonga uye kuenzana.
4. Wide yeko.
5. Masere-awa kushanda zuva.
6. The abolition rokudzikinura kubhadhara, kudzoka mari avo vose akabhadhara.

The kunonyanyisa purogiramu RSDLP

The kunonyanyisa chirongwa rakanga zvavo munyika proletarian chimurenga. Nemamwe mashoko, bato aida kutanga nyika hondo panyika, dzinenge, kuchiparidzwa kuchinzi. kuchinja chisimba haisi simba, uye kurongeka munzanga, hakungagoni kukwanisika pachishandiswa murunyararo.

Mapato pamwe mitemo, zvirongwa, zvinangwa - itsva muchimiro mumagariro chiitiko muRussia panguva iyoyo.

RSDLP nhume reCongress Second kupatsanuka kuita mapoka maviri:

1. Vanochinja, akatungamirirwa L. Martov (Yu Tsederbaum), vaiva pamusoro chimurenga. Vaiti yakabudirira, nzira kubudisa simba, uyewo vaitarisira inobva bourgeoisie kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvayo political rugare.
2. Radicals - akaparidza kupidigura hurumende nenzira ipi, kusanganisira, mukufamba chimurenga. Vaivimba proletariat (kushanda kirasi).

Radicals inotungamirirwa V. I. Leninym akahwina ruzhinji zvigaro iri kutungamirira munzvimbo bato. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, vanozivikanwa sezvo Bolsheviks. Zvadaro, bato paradzanisa, uye ivo pakuzivikanwa se (b) RSDLP, uye pashure penguva yakati - the CPSU (b) (All-Russian Communist Party pamusoro Bolsheviks).

Party Social-Revolutionary Party (AKP)

Pamutemo, iri AKP akaita zvokurerwa rayo remitemo muna December 1905 - January 1906, apo socio-enyika kusimudzira Russia hwachinja mushure chimurenga uye Manifesto pamusoro pokugadzwa State Duma. Asi Social-kuipandukira, sezvo enyika simba yakabuda kare kuti. Zvakanga avo sangano pamusoro hurumende iyoyo vakawanda kutya.

In chirongwa chayo, Social kuipandukira uye akaparidza chisimba kuchinja simba, asi, kusiyana nevamwe, staked pamusoro miduku yokuruwa sezvo motokari rehondo chimurenga.

Social Development muRussia: mukuru mhedziso

Vanhu vakawanda vanobvunza sei sayenzi gumi kubva 1894-1904 gg. ndakatendeka oga, nekuti Nicholas II akaramba kuva simba? Pindura kuti nhoroondo mumagariro pakukura 1894-1904 gg. It asati yokutanga Russian chimurenga muna 1905, pashure iyo Russia akava Duma umambo. Manifesto yaOctober 17, 1905 akatanga itsva simba - State Duma. Chokwadi, kushandisa mitemo yakanga isina simba pasina kufarirwa mambo, asi ayo political pesvedzero rakanga rakakura.

Uyezve, panguva iyoyo muRussia vakatanga kuisa bhomba kuti hombodo gare gare muna 1917 kuti kuchatungamirira pakaparadzwa ari autocracy uye Civil War.