The Hungarian kumukira pamusoro 1965: hunokonzera, zvabuda

Mumatsutso 1956 chiitiko chakaitika kuti mushure mokuparara utongi hwechiKomonisiti vakanga ainzi sezvo muHungary yemuna, asi mabhuku Soviet rinonzi pakaunda-echimurenga kupandukira. Asi, hazvinei kuti zvaizobatsira zvimwe ideologues, kwaiva kuedza kwaiitwa muHungary vanhu zvombo kupidigura hurumende aifarira-Soviet munyika. Akauya ari dzinokosha zviitiko kweHondo Yemashoko, izvo akaratidza kuti USSR yakagadzirira kushandisa rehondo kuramba ayo kudzora nyika yacho Warsaw chibvumirano.

Pokugadzwa utongi hwechiKomonisiti

Kuti tinzwisise zvinokonzera kumukirawo kwakaitika muna 1956, vanofanira kuisa pamusoro enyika uye zvoupfumi mudzimba mamiriro ezvinhu munyika muna 1956. Chokutanga, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti panguva Second World War, Hungary Naizvozvo, vakarwa kurutivi nevaNazi, maererano nenyaya yacho Paris Peace Treaty, yakasainwa nokuda dzairwisa, Soviet Union yakanga kodzero kuramba kunharaunda yayo mauto ayo kusvikira kushaya kwakaita sungano basa mauto kubva Austria.

Pakarepo pashure pehondo, mukuru sarudzo dzakaitwa Hungary, uko Independent Smallholders Party ane chinokosha vazhinji mavhoti vakakunda yechiKomonisiti vac - Hungary Working vanhu Party. Sezvo zvikazikamwa Papera, nhamba yakanga 57% maringe 17%. Zvisinei, kuvimba nokutsigira riri munyika contingent yeSoviet muchiuto muna 1947 Vac kubudikidza nekunyengera, kutyisidzira uye tyisidzira vakabata nesimba rakavapa kodzero kuva chete zviri pamutemo webato rezvematongerwe enyika.

Stalin kwakaita mboni

Hungarian vaKomonisiti vakaedza kutevedzera muupenyu hwake vebato nhengo Soviet, ndosaka mutungamiri wavo Matyas Rakosi akanga dzakakurumbira remadunhurirwa mboni zvakanakisisa Stalin vake. Izvi "rukudzo" akanga mubayiro chokuti, mune imwe nyika kuchiita udzvinyiriri, vose vakaedza kutevedzera paitonga Stalin muenzaniso utungamiriri. In pave nemaune muchivadzvinyirira nechisimba kuitwa kwemaindasitiri uye collectivization, uye dzidziso utsinye woutsinye marudzi ose kuparadzana. The nyika yachinja kurwa pamwe Catholic Church.

Paitonga Rakosi akasika munhu simba kuchengeteka midziyo - the AVH, akanga ari ayo pamisara 28 zviuru vashandi vakabatsira 40 zviuru informants ... mapato All Vagari Hungarian kurarama pasi kudzorwa basa. Sezvazvakanga zvikazikamwa mune post-yechiKomonisiti nguva, mafaira akazarurwa paminiti miriyoni vaigara munyika, izvo 655 zviuru. Vaiva vaneta, uye 450 zviuru. Kushumira siyana mujeri. Vakanga amuperekedza vakasununguka basa mumigodhi uye zvimbambaira.

In upfumi bhora, uyewo zvematongerwo enyika, paiva akaoma chaizvo ezvinhu. Rakanga anokonzerwa chokwadi kuti sezvo rechiuto yakabatana Germany, Hungary aifanira kubhadhara Soviet Union, Yugoslavia uye Czechoslovakia nouchapupu kugadzira, kuripwa izvo vanenge kota mari nenyika vakaenda. Chokwadi, ichi ndicho chinhu chaizvo inokanganisa mupenyu zvinodiwa zvavo vomunyika.

Brief political nyungudika

Vamwe zvachinja upenyu nyika vakauya muna 1953, apo, nokuda pachena kukundikana kwemaindasitiri uye kwakaderera Pfungwa kumanikidzwa kubva Soviet Union, kunokonzerwa norufu Stalin, vanhu vaivenga Matyas Rakosi akanga adzingwa pambiru musoro wehurumende. Iye chikatsiviwa mumwe Communist - Imre Nagy, mutsigiri pakarepo uye kukuru kuchinja munyaya zvose zvoupenyu.

Somugumisiro zviyero vakagamuchirwa nayo vakanga agumisa uye nokukangwanwira kutambudzwa enyika yaimbopindwa rechipfuwo. Special chirevo Nagy hwogumisa kuti kupanichwa vomuUmambo vavo kumanikidzwa kudzingwa kubva kumaguta ari evanhu chikonzero. Uyewo, kuvakwa vanoverengeka maturo makuru maindasitiri zvivako, uye mugove wavo nzira zvinotitungamirira kukura zvokudya uye chiedza bhizimisi kwakaregwa. Beyond kuti, hurumende vakashaisa kumanikidza zvokurima, kwakaderedza tariffs, nokuti vanhu uye akaderedza mutengo mishonga.

The resumption paitonga Stalin kosi kutanga mhirizhonga uye

Zvisinei, pasinei nokuti matanho akadaro vakaita musoro mutsva hurumende kwakakurumbira chaizvo pakati vanhu, ivo chikonzero kusembura womukati-party kuparapatika vac. Adzingwa pambiru musoro wehurumende, asi kuramba achitungamirira nzvimbo yaro iri Party, Matyas Rakosi pachivande anonyengera, uye pamwe vatsigire Soviet vaKomonisiti vakakwanisa kukurira wowakatarisana ake enyika. Somugumisiro Imre Nagy, vakanga wakarovererwa tariro yavo vakawanda vanhuwo zvavo munyika, akabviswa pachigaro uye adzingwa mubato.

Mhedzisiro izvi kuitwa muHungary vaKomonisiti pakutangazve utungamiriri paitonga Stalin mutsetse wehurumende uye kuenderera enyika udzvanyiriri. Zvose izvi kwakaita hwakanyanya Kusagutsikana pakati upamhi akaturikidzana evoruzhinji. Vanhu vakatanga pachena kuti vanoda kudzoka kuti nesimba Nadia, vakawanda sarudzo, inobva nzira hwaro uye, crucially, kuti goho kubva kunyika mauto eSoviet. Izvi zvinodiwa wokupedzisira wakanga zvichinyanya kushanda, sezvo kusaina muna May 1955, ari Warsaw chibvumirano vaiita kuti Soviet Union arambe ayo contingent wamapoka muHungary.

The Hungarian kumukira waiva mugumisiro wacho kusembura of political ezvinhu munyika muna 1956. An rinokosha akanga reDare zvakaitika gore muPoland, apo paiva rakazaruka Anti nokukurumidza kutaura. Zvakaguma enhancement pamusoro dzinonetsa mafungiro pakati vadzidzi uye vakadzidza vachinyora. In pemwedzi October, rinokosha voujaya yakazivisa kushaya wayo kubva "Democratic Union of Youth", ndiyo analogue of Soviet Koshanda, uye kupinda asati, asi overclocked yechiKomonisiti mudzidzi mubatanidzwa.

Sezvo zvinowanzoitwa kare, vakapa zvakasimbisa pakutanga kumukirawo vadzidzi. On October 22, vakanga akagadzira uye akapa nehurumende zvinosanganisira kugadzwa Nagy sezvo wemakurukota, sangano zvegutsaruzhinji nesarudzo, ari kushaya revarwi Soviet kubva munyika uye kuparadzwa kwezvinhu shongwe Stalin. Mireza vane mashoko akadai seokuti vanoda kutakura vechikamu vakaronga rakatevera zuva munyika vairatidzira.

October 23, 1956

mudungwe ichi, yakatanga muBudapest, chaizvo maawa gumi, akakwezva vechikamu anopfuura zviuru mazana maviri. History of Hungary kashoma anoyeuka chinhu, saka enyika rakapa kuda. Panguva ino, mumiririri Soviet Union, remangwana musoro KGB, Yuri Andropov pakarepo navo Moscow vakaudza zvakadzama pamusoro zvose zvichiitika munyika. Akagumisa mashoko ake anokurudzira kupa misoro Hungarian vaKomonisiti, kusanganisira muchiuto, rubatsiro.

By yamadeko iroro achangogadzwa First Secretary Erno Gero VPT akataura paredhiyo achishora demonstrators uye kutyisidzirwa navo. Achipindura, mukuru demonstrators boka vaimhanyira taramba chivakwa, apo paiva kutepfenyura Studio. Pakati pavo madhipatimendi ehurumende kuchengeteka muchiuto kurwisana kwakaitika somugumisiro vaivapo pakutanga vakaurayiwa uye vakuvadzwa.

Achitaura panobva demonstrators zvombo muSoviet nevezvenhau vakati zvakanga kare kuna Hungary nokuda Western njere masangano. Zvisinei, kubva uchapupu zviitiko vechikamu kunoratidza kuti kwave kugamuchirwa, kana chete kubviswa vavabatsire akatumira kubatsira kutsigira redhiyo. Uyewo, akanga mined iri dzokuchengetera yevagari kudzivirira uye vakabvuta yemapurisa.

Nokukurumidza yemuna chakapararira yose muBudapest. The Army uye State Security Division vasina chakakomba nemishonga, chokutanga, nokuti ayo duku saizi - kwaingova maviri uye chiuru hafu vanhu, uye chepiri nokuti vakawanda vavo tsitsi pachena vapanduki.

Mukova rokutanga mauto eSoviet muHungary

Mukuwedzera, takagamuchira yakaronga kwete kuvhura moto pamusoro vanhuwo zvavo, uye kunyimwa muchiuto nezvaanogona kuita zvakakomba chiito. Somugumisiro, kare zvakaratidza vazhinji kiyi nzvimbo manheru musi October 23 mumaoko avanhu: zvombo dzokuchengetera, kudhinda mapepanhau uye Central Station. Rangarirai nengozi ezvinhu, musi 24 October vaKomonisiti usiku, achida kuwana nguva, ari achangogadzwa Imre Nadya wehurumende, ivo pachavo nyaya nehurumende USSR kundochema pamusoro pakatanga mauto kupinda Hungary kudzvinyirira Hungarian yemuna.

Treatment Zvakazoitika munhanganyaya munharaunda munyika 6,500 mauto, 295 dzehondo uye vakawanda nezvimwewo zvechiuto. Achipindura yenjodzi ichi akaumba Hungarian National Committee akabvunza purezidhendi US kuti urongwa kubatsira remauto vapanduki.

ropa rokutanga

Mangwanani October 26, munguva dziite padare pedyo paramende chivakwa, kubva padenga reimba akazarura moto, zvichiguma nokufa mukuru Soviet, uye rakanga moto tangi. Izvi akaparirwa kudzoka moto, mutengo upenyu mazana demonstrators. Nhau chiitiko akakurumidza kupararira kuburikidza nyika uye akaita hwokuuraya vagari achizviita vakuru uye Uto.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti kuti normalize mamiriro ezvinhu munyika, hurumende rakazivisa ruregero vechikamu vese yokupanduka, nokuzvidira vakaisa pasi zvombo zvavo, vachirwisana zvinotevera mazuva. No nezvainoita ezvinhu aripo uye yokutsiva Yokutanga Secretary Erno Gero János VPT Kadaroam. Munzvimbo dzakawanda, utungamiriri webato uye hurumende masangano nyore kutiza, uye panzvimbo yavo nomuzvarirwo vakaumba hurumende dzeko.

Kushaya wamapoka Soviet kubva munyika uye kutanga mhirizhonga

Sezvo vechikamu pamusoro chiitiko, pashure anotambudzika chiitiko padare pamberi yeparamende mauto eSoviet havana kutora basa zviito pamusoro demonstrators. Zvichitevera mashoko ne Prime Minister Imre Nagy achishora vaimbova "paitonga Stalin" nzira utungamiri, pokufa eHurumende mauto uye kutanga kwakadzama pamusoro kushaya revarwi Soviet kubva nyika, vakawanda vane pfungwa yokuti muHungary yemuna yasvika zvinodiwa zvabuda. Kurwisana muguta amira, nguva yokutanga mumazuva ekupedzisira kunyarara. Nadia mugumisiro akurukure utungamiriri Soviet kwaiva kushaya revarwi, iro October 30 akatanga.

Mazuva ano, dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzaiva mhirizhonga zvakakwana. Old simba Zvivako vakaparadzwa, uye vatsva vasina kusikwa. The Government, misangano muBudapest, anenge asina sei chii chaiitika mumigwagwa, uye paiva nomusiyano kuwedzera kwemhosva kubva mutorongo pamwe vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika akasunungurwa vanopfuura zviuru gumi matsotsi.

Uyezve, zvinhu zviri akabatanidza nokuti muHungary Revolution pamusoro 1956 nenguva isipi radicalized. Izvi zvakaita kuponda nemasoja, vaimboshanda eHurumende masangano, uye kunyange chinzvimbo uye faira vaKomonisiti. In chivakwa HWP Central Committee mumwe chete akanga aurayiwa pamusoro vatungamiriri bato makumi maviri. Mumazuva iwayo, mifananidzo akakuvadza mitumbi nendege pamusoro mapeji akawanda nyika madunhurirwa. The Hungarian chimurenga akatanga kutora zvaiva "benzi uye tsitsi" kupandukira.

Re-kupinda muchiuto

Zvakazoitwa kudzvinyirira yacho yemuna nemauto eSoviet chakaitwa zvikurukuru pamusana nzvimbo yakatorwa nehurumende US. hofisi Nagy kuti vachivimbisa zvechiuto uye rutsigiro kwoupfumi, vokuAmerica panguva yakaoma vakasiya mitoro yavo, vachisiya Moscow kuti takasununguka kupindira mune ezvinhu. Hungarian Revolution pakati 1956 rakapotsa achakundikana kana October 31 musangano muCentral Committee of CPSU N. S. Hruschov akadana kuitwa zvikuru okunyanyisa matanho kumisa hurumende yechiKomonisiti munyika.

Pahwaro zvaanotirayira Soviet Defense Minister , Marshal G. K. Zhukov akatungamirira kukura urongwa ive nechisimba wakashonga Hungary, rinonzi "Vortex". Akadana kuita vaimbopota namashanu warrior, motorized uye inifanduri kupesana, pamwe kubatsirwa Air Force uye kuenda neherikoputa dzakabatana. Nokuti Implementation kushanda ichi, takataura anenge vatungamiriri nhengo kunyika ari Warsaw chibvumirano.

Operation "Whirlwind" akatanga nepfungwa yokuti pane 3 November hondo Soviet KGB, vakasungwa ichangobva akagadzwa Minister of Defense, Major General Hungary DEVI Maléter. Izvi zvakaitika panguva hurukuro dzakaitwa Tokole, pedyo muBudapest. Kupinda huru contingent dzemauto, akaraira pachake G. K. Zhukov, chakaitwa mangwanani. Pamutemo Chikonzero ichi chaiva chikumbiro Hurumende, inotungamirwa János Kadar. Munguva pfupi hondo kukabata vose chikuru nzvimbo kweBudapest. Imre Nagy, kuponesa upenyu hwavo, akasiya kuvaka hurumende uye akatora utiziro dzokuYugoslavia Embassy. Gare gare, unyengeri hwake kunyengera panze, akatengesa mudare uye panguva DEVI Maléter asungirirwe pachena sezvo vatengesi venyika Motherland.

Active kudzvinyirira of yemuna

Huru zvakaitika musi November 4. Pakati guru Hungarian vapanduki vakanga mauto eSoviet apererwa nemishonga. Kudzvinyirira vakanga rakaiswa flamethrowers uye incendiary projectiles uye utsi. Chete kukosheswa dzakawanda backlash pamusoro vakawanda vanhuwo zvavo vakaramba murayiro pamusoro kubhomba rweguta achitoita amutsa mudenga ndege.

Mazuva mashomanana anotevera dzisabudiswe aripo muhomwe zvose kurwisa, ipapo Hungary Revolution ose 1956 akatora chimiro muchivande tinorwisana yeutongi hwechiKomonisiti. Pakawanda, hazvina kuderera pamusoro anotevera emakore. Kana nyika yave pakupedzisira yakasimbisa hurumende aifarira-Soviet akatanga vakawanda kusungwa evakurukuri zvichangobva yemuna. History of Hungary kamwe zvakare kutanga kukura pamusoro paitonga Stalin kuitika.

Vanotsvakurudza vanofungidzira kuti panguva iyoyo yakaitwa mitongo inenge 360 rufu, 25 zviuru. Vagari vari kusungirwa, uye 14 zviuru. Of vavo vakanga vachishumira mashoko siyana mujeri. Kwemakore akawanda seri "keteni simbi", akagura Eastern nyika dzokuEurope nedzimwe nyika yakanga uye Hungary. USSR - huru nhare pfungwa yoMushandirapamwe - vigilantly uchiona zvose zvichiitika munyika pasi pake.