Yawanikwa South Pole. Roald Amundsen uye Robert Scott. Research nenhepfenyuro muna Antarctica

Yawanikwa South Pole - a emakore hope polar vatsvakurudzi - mukunopera yake muzhizha 1912 vaifungidzira unhu unongongwarira makwikwi pakati nzendo vaviri inoti - Norway uye muUK. Nokuti vokutanga, ndokuguma mukukunda, vamwe - njodzi. Asi, pasinei ichi, kuti avatungamirire kuti vatsvakurudzi makuru Roald Amundsen uye Robert Scott nokusingaperi akapinda nhoroondo kukura kondinendi wechitanhatu.

The vatsvakurudzi kwesango polar latitudes okutanga

Kukunda South Pole akatanga mumakore apo vanhu vari chete vaguely kuziva kuti kumwe pamahombekombe kumaodzanyemba hemisphere kuti zvakohwewa. Wokutanga vafambisi, uyo akakwanisa pedyo naye, aiva Amerigo Vespucci, tichiyambuka muSouth Atlantic uye muna 1501 asvika mashanu latitudes.

Iri raiva nguva apo chakaitwa mukuru nenzvimbo matongo. Rondedzera muchidimbu yavaigara yakapfuura dzisingambosvikiki latitudes izvi (Vespucci akanga asiri chete aidzidzisa, asi musayendisiti), akaramba achienda nemahombekombe itsva, ichangobva kuwanikwa kondinendi - America - akapfeka zita rake nhasi.

The nokudzidza kumaodzanyemba latitudes, ndichitarisira kuwana asingazivikanwi nyika anenge matatu emakore gare gare atanga yakakurumbira wokuEngland Dzheyms e. Akakwanisa kuswedera kwaari zvakatonyanya, richisvika iri-manomwe wechipiri yakafanana, asi mberi mberi kwayo kumaodzanyemba wakavarambidza Antarctic icebergs uye zvinoyangarara chando.

Huro kondinendi rechitanhatu

Antarctica, South Pole, uye Chikurukuru - kodzero kunzi piyona uye trailblazer icebound nyika ndokurondedzera ezvinhu kubwinya haunted zhinji. Mumazana XIX remakore ndivo vaingogara kuedza kukunda kondinendi wechitanhatu. Vakanga akapindwa vezvikepe edu Mikhail Lazarev uye Faddey Bellinsgauzen, iyo akatumira Russian Geographical Society, wokuEngland Klark Ross uyo zvasvika zvakafanana-manomwe rorusere, uyewo vaongorori vanoverengeka German, French uye Swedish. Korona makambani aya kubudirira chete pakupera remakore, apo Johann Australian Bullu akanga kukudzwa wokutanga yokuvira rutsoka pamahombekombe kusvikira asingazivikanwi Antarctica.

Kubva panguva iyi iri Antarctic mvura vakamhanya kwete masayendisiti chete, asiwo whalers iro chando gungwa hove aimiririra yakafarikana dzose. Gore negore, nyanzvi kumahombekombe, wokutanga tsvakurudzo yemapurisa, asi South Pole (ake kwemasvomhu pfungwa) achiri dzisingambosvikiki. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, pamwe kujairika hasha mubvunzo akasimuka: Ndiani achakwanisa kurova makwikwi uye ane mureza wokutanga vzovotsya kumaodzanyemba muromo nyika?

Race kuna South Pole

Pakutanga ari XX remakore, kuedza akawanda kukunda haripindiki kukona Earth, uye nguva imwe neimwe yakawanda polar vatsvakurudzi akakwanisa pedyo naye. Mugumo chete akauya October 1911 apo dare vaviri nzendo - vokuBritain, akatungamirirwa Roberta Folkona Scott uye Norwegian, yakanga ichitungamirirwa Roald Amundsen (South Pole kwenguva refu uye raiva ndaviga hope), anenge panguva yaienda nemahombekombe Antarctica. Vakagoverana zana shoma mamaira.

Chinoshamisa, wokutanga rwendo Norwegian haana kuenda taramba muSouth Pole. Amundsen wake rikarira nhengo akatumirwa kweArctic. Ndicho hwokumusoro yezasi yenyika iri urongwa chinzvimbo aidzidzisa. Zvisinei, nzira yaakawana shoko kuti North Pole aisa kuti vokuAmerica - Cook uye Peary. Kwete kuda kusiyira mukurumbira wavo, Amundsen payakakurudzirwa achinja mararamiro uye vakadzokera kumaodzanyemba. Saka, akapikisa vokuBritain, uye havana kugona kutsigira kukudzwa rudzi rwavo.

mupikisi ake Robert Scott, asati vagotevera pachake kutsvakurudza mabasa kwenguva refu nguva aimbova mukuru Navy Her mambo uye kuwana ruzivo zvakakwana wemutungamiri battleships uye sevatsvaki vemapuranga. Pamusoro pamudyandigere yake, akapedza makore maviri pamahombekombe Antarctica, anotora rutivi pakutsvakurudza chechitima. Vakatoita kuedza kuti danda, asi wakati akatamira kwemwedzi mitatu ari yakawanda chaizvo kure, Scott akamanikidzwa kudzoka.

Pausiku imwe inokosha dzepabonde

Nzira kubudirira pazvinangwa munhangemutange yaingowanikwa "Amundsen - zvikwata Scott 'vave vakasiyana. The chikuru motokari kuBritain vaiva Manchurian ponies. Low-kukura uye akaomarara, vari zvakakwana akakodzera kuti mamiriro enyika polar latitudes. Asi kunze navo kurasa Vafambi kwaivawo chetsika Muzviitiko zvakadaro, imbwa sledding, uye kunyange utsva akakwana mumakore iwayo - snowmobiles. VomuNorway kusvikira aivimba nekusimba kuchamhembe Huskies, izvo zvinofanira kuva zvose munzira kudhonza sledges mana, tyazhelogruzhenyh midziyo.

Uye vose vari vaviri vachiuya nenzira pakureba sere zvemakiromita imwe nzira, uye zvakawanda zvakare (kana varambe vapenyu, chokwadi). Mberi kwavo vaimirira mazitombo echando, twi risina makatsemuka, zvinotyisa chando, achiperekedzwa blizzards uye snowstorms, uye zvachose hakubvisi maonero ose, uye hakudzivisiki Pakadaro, frostbite, kukuvara, nzara uye vemarudzi ose nematambudziko. Award ndechokuti mumwe zvikwata kwaiva kuva kubwinya mapiyona uye kodzero chitakuriso mureza padanda masimba aro. Hakuna vomuNorway kana British ainyatsoziva kuti mutambo ndewe mwenje.

Kana Robert Scott aiva zvikuru unyanzvi wekushandisa uye Sophistication, zvakajeka Amundsen kwaikosha kwaari ive ruzivo polar aiongorora. The inokosha kuchinja padanda asati overwintering pamusoro kondinendi Antarctic, uye Norwegian akakwanisa kusarudza wake nzvimbo nani zvikuru pane ake ishamwari British. Chekutanga, musasa wavo yaiva anenge zana mamaira pedyo kuguma zvokusvika rwendo kupfuura British, uye chepiri kuti nzira kubva kuna North Pole, Amundsen rwakagadzirira nzira, akakwanisa kupfuura munzvimbo kwakapararira zvikuru kwazvo inotonhora nguva ino yegore uye vaingogara madutu uye blizzards.

Triumph uye kukundwa

Norwegian kukupfura akakwanisa kuuya uye vakaronga kudzokera kumusasa nechigadziko, kurashikirwa munguva pfupi Antarctic zhizha. Tinogona chete kuyeva unyanzvi uye uchenjeri nako Amundsen akapedza boka rake kutsungirira vachinyatsoita nemazvo zvinoshamisa yake akadzikama kutevera girafu. Pakati vanhu vaivimba naye, pakanga pasina chete akafa, asi kunyange kuwana chero makuvaro zvakakura.

Siyanei wematambudziko akamirirwa kunorwa pakati Scott. Pamberi panonyanyisa mugove nzira, kana chinangwa chaiva chimwe namakumi mashanu emakiromita, vakadzokera wokupedzisira nhengo boka mutsigiri, uye vatsvakurudzi shanu British pachavo mahanisi mu rinorema sledges. Panguva ino zvose mabhiza vakawira pasi, akaputsa, injini sledges uye imbwa dzakanga nyore kudyiwa ne polar vatsvakurudzi - aifanira kuenda nezviyero akanyanyisa vapone.

Pakupedzisira, January 17, 1912 somugumisiro chaizvo kuita Vakazosvika kwemasvomhu pfungwa yeSouth Pole, asi ikoko vakanga vakamirira inotyisa mwoyo. kumativi ose akatakura kungoda akashanyira pano pamberi vorongerwa pavo. Prints ari chando kuoneka skid sleds uye imbwa netsoka dzakapfava, asi vakawanda zvinogutsa akapupura kuti kukundwa kwavo kuruboshwe pakati chando tende, pamusoro izvo nendege Norwegian mureza. Zvinosuruvarisa yawanikwa South Pole akarasika.

About nehana kuti ruzivo nhengo dzeboka ake, Scott akasiya dhayari vakanyoresa. Vanotyisa mwoyo vaderera Britain kuva nehana chaiye. Usiku hwakazotevera avakapedza vakamuka. Vakayera pfungwa sei Vachatarirawo pamberi vanhu avo kwemazana makiromita njanji pamusoro kondinendi nechando, kuoma nechando uye akawira kuburikidza makatsemuka, uye akavabatsira kusvika pakupedzisira tatamuka nzira uye kusarudza, asi kwave kusingabudiriri kurwisa.

njodzi

Zvisinei, pasinei nezvose, vanofanira kuunganidza simba uye ugodzoka. Pakati upenyu uye rufu avete sere mamaira kudzokera rwendo. Kufambira kubva zvenguva mumusasa mafuta uye zvigadzirwa mumwe polar catastrophically yokurasikirwa simba. nzvimbo yavo zuva roga roga akatonyanya tariro. Pashure pemazuva mashoma kufamba kwenguva yokutanga musasa akashanyirwa rufu - akafa gotwe pavo uye aiita simba mumuviri Edgar Evans. muviri wake akavigwa chando uye vakaisa murwi rinorema chando floes.

Akatevera akuvara raiva Lawrence Oates - mukuru dragoons, vakanga vaenda kuna North Pole rinosundwa nyota ushingi. Ezvinhu rufu kwake chishamiso - frostbitten maoko nemakumbo uye vanoziva, inova mutoro kune mamwe masoja ake, usiku muchivande kubva wose akasiya pokugara uye akaenda kwegore risingapindiki rima, zvinozvipira mhosva pachavo kuti rufu. muviri wake kumbobvira rawanikwa.

The pedyo zvenguva mumusasa raiva gumi chete makiromita, pakarepo akasimuka blizzard, zvachose kudzivirira kubata kufambira mberi. Three Varungu vaiva chando pakutapwa, akagura nenyika, kunyimwa chikafu uye chero mukana ushamwari.

Yakaputsika etende, Chokwadi, haaigona kuva chinhu chakafanana yakavimbika pokuvanda. Kunze mhepo tembiricha wawa kuti ufanane ^-40 ° C, ukuwo, pasina munhu hita, zvakanga zvishoma yepamusoro. Izvi achinyengera Kurume blizzard kumbobvira asunungurwa kubva pachipfuva yavo ...

posthumous mutsetse

Mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare, apo njodzi Zvaizobuda rwendo rakava pachena, kununura chikwata wakatumwa kunotsvaka polar vatsvakurudzi. Pakati safambika chando, iye akakwanisa kuwana mimhanzi yaunonyanya chando tende pamwechete miviri vatatu Vatsvakurudzi British - Genri Bauersa, Edvarda Uilsona uye Robert Scott wavarwi.

Pakati Zvinhu vakaurayiwa vaakawana diaries Scott vake, uye kuti kushamiswa vanunuri, masaga Geological specimens unganidzwa pamusoro mujinga mabwe yakabudikira kubva rechando. Kusimba, vatatu Varungu akaramba hakumbofi mabwe, kunyange apo pakanga rakapotsa pasina tariro yoruponeso.

In ake manotsi, Robert Scott, hunonyatsodonongodza uye vakaongorora zvikonzero kaienda uzive zvakaipa zvakazoitika akarumbidza tsika uye simba kwake somunhu padivi mamwe masoja ake. Mukugumisa, kureva vaya vane maoko achawana dhayari, akakumbira kuita zvose kuti arege kuramba kusiyiwa nemhuri yake. Vachipedzera shomanana mitsetse kuonekana wake, Scott akarayira kwaari nechokwadi chokuti mwanakomana wavo akagamuchira kudzichengeta uye akakwanisa kuramba tsvakurudzo ake.

Panzira, mune ramangwana, mwanakomana wake Peter Scott akazivikanwa zvakatikomberedza uyo akatsaurira upenyu hwake kuna kudzivirirwa yepasi kuti zviwanikwa. Chichizouya munyika chete kuona zuva apo baba vake vakaenda rokupedzisira muupenyu hwake rwendo, akagara kune akwegura uye akafa muna 1989.

Public Kuchema kunokonzerwa nenjodzi

Achienderera mberi nyaya, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kukwikwidzirana maviri nzendo, mugumisiro chakanga hwomukova kuti mumwe South Pole, uye nokuda mumwe - rufu akanga asingatarisirwi chaizvo zvaitika. Kana vapedza kupemberera uku, Chokwadi, unokosha nenzvimbo zvakawanikwa, chinyararire kwaziso uye kutaura akafa kure kuombera, paiva mubvunzo pamusoro tsika divi yezvakaitika. Pakanga pasina mubvunzo kuti kunanga kukonzera rufu kuBritain nehope kwazvo mwoyo, anokonzerwa kukunda of Amundsen.

Kwete chete muBritain asiwo Norwegian wokudhinda ane yakananga vapomere zvikuru ichangobva unokudzwa mukundi. Ndakamubvunza mubvunzo anonzwisisa: vakanga tsika kodzero ruzivo uye chaizvo nomuedzo kudzidza yokunyanyisa latitudes Roald Amundsen anokweva adversarial zvekufamba chinzvimbo, asi isina unyanzvi hunodiwa kuti Scott neshamwari dzake? Akanga asingafaniri zvikuru dzakarurama kukoka kuti ibatane uye pamwechete kuona zvirongwa zvedu?

chirahwe Amundsen

Sei vakaita Amundsen ichi uye kana Akapomera pachake nokuda chakaparira rufu rwake British navo nokusaziva - mubvunzo nokusingaperi inoramba isina kupindurwa. Zvisinei, vazhinji vevaya vaiziva Norwegian aiongorora, aizviti ndaona pachena zviratidzo kuvhiringidzika kwake chepfungwa. Kunyanya, uchapupu aigona kushanda kuedza ake kupembedza veruzhinji, hazvina yaingowanikwa ake vanodada uye yakati manyawi hunhu.

Vamwe biographers vanowanzotevedzera kuona uchapupu Unforgiven pachake nemhosva ezvinhu rufu Amundsen. Zvinozivikanwa kuti muzhizha 1928 akaenda kweArctic kutiza, sulivshy vamwe rufu rwake. The nokufungirana kuti akanga atova vakafanotaura chinokonzera rufu yake atora kudzidziswa. Kwete chete kuti, Amundsen kuunzwa kuti zvose uye kubhadhara ayo chikwereti, iye vakatengesawo zvose pfuma yake, sokunge akanga achienda kudzoka.

kumakondinendi Six nhasi

Imwe nzira kana mumwe, uye kuwanikwa zviri South Pole chaitwa navo, uye kubwinya hapana haangatongomwi. Nhasi, ari kumaodzanyemba muromo Earth yaiitisa pokutsvakurudza. On kwazvo panzvimbo kamwe vomuNorway kutarisira kukunda, uye British - kumukuru mwoyo nhasi ndiye International Polar yemapurisa "Amundsen -. Scott" zita rake riri asingaoneki vakabatana izvi zviviri nyanzvi mukundi akanyanyisa latitudes. Pamusana kwavari, kuti South Pole ari panyika kunonzwisiswa nhasi sezvo chinhu chinozikanwa uye tsime mukati kusvikika.

Muna December 1959, yakanga akanyorerana chibvumirano musi Antarctica, pakutanga chasainwa gumi inoti. Maererano gwaro iri, chero nyika anekodzero kuita tsvakurudzo pamusoro yose kondinendi kumaodzanyemba sixtieth Latitude.

Nokuda nhasi ichi, vakawanda tsvakurudzo dzemapurisa muna Antarctica kukura kupfuura akura mapurogiramu sayenzi. Nhasi kune vanopfuura makumi mashanu. At kurasa masayendisiti kwete chete pano nzira kudzora kwezvakatipoteredza, asi ndege uye kunyange satellites. Rine vamiririri vayo pamusoro kondinendi rechitanhatu Russian Geographical Society. Pakati huripo zvirimwa kune magamba, akadai "Bellingshausen" uye "Friendly 4", uye yerudzi rutsva - "Russian" uye "Progress". Zvose zvinoratidza kuti pamazuva edu havana kurega guru zvakawanwa nenzvimbo.

A Nhoroondo pfupi sei vakashinga Norwegian uye British vafambi, kumhura ngozi, akabvunza ndaviga chinangwa, asi vakawanda anogona kubudisa zvose makakatanwa uye mutambo zviitiko. Wrong kuzvibata muhondo yavo chete sezvo hondo vavariro dzavo pachavo. Pasina mubvunzo, pane basa guru mariri reDare nenyota yakawanikwa uye yakavakirwa uchiratidza kuzvipira kunyika wechokwadi, chido panotaurwa mukurumbira munyika.