Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich: Biography, mapikicha uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Inozivikanwa Russian echimurenga Zinovev Grigory (akararama 1883-1936) aivawo yokutungamirira Soviet uye enyika nhamba. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku, zita rake chairo rakanga Radomyslsky Ovsey Gerishoni (Gerishoni Yevsei) Aronovich; zvimwe chete manyuko, zita rake riri Hirsch (Gersh) Apfelbaum (mai). Brief Biography Grigoriya Zinoveva akava nyaya kwataita.

Uduku uye Family

Akaberekwa Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (zvishoma pamusoro munhu uchadzidza kubva nyaya) muna 1883, 11 (23) September muna Elisavetgrad (ano Kropyvnytskyi) Kherson mudunhu. Kubvira 1924, guta rokumusha kwake gumi ainzi Zinoviev. baba vake Aaron Radomyslsky, uyo aiva romukaka nepurazi, akamupa dzidzo.

Kwemakore 14, Zinoviev akamanikidzwa kushanda somunyori uye kupa zvidzidzo; sezvo mhuri yake varombo.

mudzimai Gregory wokutanga waiva nyanzvi echimurenga Evseevich Ravich Sarra Naumovna, aizivikanwawo pasi zita Olga. Akanga chikamu RSDLP, chakamboti akatsiva Commissioner pakati Internal Affairs of Northern Region, yave kakawanda asungwa.

mudzimai Next Lilina Zinoviev akanga Zlata Ionovna, aizivikanwawo pasi rekunyepedzera Zina Levin. Uyewo muchirongwa RSDLP aishanda Petrograd Soviet, iye collaborated pamwe pepanhau "Pravda" uye "Star". Zinoviev akabereka mwanakomana - Radomyslskogo Stefana Grigorevicha. Pazera remakore 29, akanga asungwa uye akatongerwa rufu.

mudzimai Third Radomyslsky akava Evgeniya Yakovlevna Lasman. Aipedza muutapwa mujeri kweanenge makore 20 oupenyu hwake.

Pre-echimurenga mabasa

Mumakore 18 (1901), Zinoviev akava nhengo RSDLP uye akatanga ndiitewo echimurenga kufamba. Akaronga vashandi 'kwevashandi New Russia, nokuti raakanga akatambudzwa nemapurisa. Kudzivisa kutambudzwa muna 1902 Radomyslsky akaenda Berlin, uye ipapo mukati gore akatamira Paris uye Bern. Muna 1903, kwakanga kuine kuti akasangana naye Lenin, uye gare gare zvikuru pedyo naye uye vakatanga kumiririra muEuropean masangano mugovanisi.

Muna 1903, Grigory Zinoviev, mufananidzo unogona kuona munyaya, akatangawo Bolsheviks uye panguva II Congress of RSDLP akatsigira Lenin. Mugore iroro, mumwe echimurenga akadzokera Ukraine, apo akatungamirira chinoshingaira anoparadzirwa.

Kwapera gore, nokuda mwoyo chirwere Radomyslsky zvakare kusiya nyika, kudzoka Berna. Ikoko akatanga kudzidza, chikoro ichi ari University iri rorusununguko Chemistry, asi gore papera chakavhiringidza nezvidzidzo ake kuti ndiitewo chimurenga (1905-1907). MuRussia, yakanga kumirira nhengo iri St. Petersburg gorkomitete RSDLP. New kwenguva pfupi chirwere kumanikidzwa Zinoviev zvakare kuenda Bern, asi kudzidza panguva weVadzidzisi Vedare. Muchirimo 1906 akadzokera St. Petersburg, izvozvo muwisira CC (more mavhoti vakagamuchira chete Lenin) uye mupepeti rinotanga basa mumapepanhau "Forward" uye "Social Democrat" (pevhu racho). Mabasa ake inowira pasi asungwa muna 1908, nokuda chirwere azorodzwa uye akaenda yeAustria Galicia pamwe Lenin muna mitatu.

Ikoko Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich, ane Biography rizere nenjodzi, akagamuchira nokuti Bolshevik vebato mazakwatira mari kuburikidza yakakurumbira mushingi Parvus. mapurisa yeAustria vaidavira kuti Zinoviev basa noungwaru French.

chimurenga

Muna Kubvumbi 1917, Zinoviev nemudzimai wake wechipiri Zlata Lili mwanakomana wavo Stephen, mukadzi wokutanga Sarah Ravich Lenin kuRussia muna akanamwa chitima. Mushure July mazuva Lenin akavanda Radomyslsky uye teura kugungwa kubva dikidiki Government (zvino pane shongwe chakavakwa nerimwe gore chipo tende). Ivo dzinofungidzirwa kuva vasori uye pamwe Austria-Hungary.

Muna October 1917, kwaiva musangano rakavharwa of Bolshevik Central Committee, apo Zinoviev uye Lev Kamenev akati kuti zvaiva vakurumidze kupidigura dikidiki Government uye vasingabvumirani Lenin kuti chisarudzo. mabasa avo "Life New" (Mensheviks) zvinenge zvakazoita kuti vadzingwe kubva mubato, asi akasarudza chete vadzivisei kuti aite kwayo nokuda.

Apo Bolsheviks uye SRs vakabata simba muna Petrograd, Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Alekseem Rykovym uye Viktorom Noginym waitsigira kwakadzama pamwe kungobvumirawo Vizhelem uye ake chikumbiro kubatanidza kuva chete bato mugovanisi hurumende. Lenin uye Trotsky ikadzivisa Nhaurirano, uye musi November 4, quartet ichi akabatana navo Vladimir Milyutin akabva Central Committee. Lenin mukupindura akataura navo navashanduki - ndizvo kumbotaurwa ake testamende enyika.

hondo yevanhu venyika imwe

Pakazopera 1917 Zinoviev aibvumirwa kudzokera enyika. Panguva Civil War akashanda se sachigaro Petrograd Soviet Union Sovnarkorma Northern Region makanzuru, Revolutionary Petrograd Defence.

Access kuti simba kwakakwana kushatiswa Zinoviev. Kana kumativi ose vari kuziya, akaronga kuti ake pedyo naka mabiko. On ake kutanga, kuti bourgeoisie uye unearned zvinhu kunyimwa zvokudya makadhi. Nepo makumi ezviuru zvevanhu achawira muchikwata ichi. Vakanga chaizvo vakanga vakatongerwa nenzara.

Pakutanga Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (Biography pfupi iri akapa dzako munyaya ino) akaramba "dzvuku kutya" pashure ari kuedza musi Lenin uye chigaro Volodarsky uye Uritsky, yaakanga zvikuru achitsoropodzwa Lenin. Akanyunyuta pamusoro kuchinjwa guru kuna muMoscow.

Zinoviev Lenin akatangazve nzvimbo, nokutsigira Brest-Litovsk Treaty uye nokukurumidza yakanga vakadzokera panhengo Central Committee pamwe nhengo iri Politburo itsva. Akamuita pambiru uye Comintern Executive sachigaro, uko akatanga pfungwa "munzanga Fascism".

Zinoviev akatora chikamu pakuronga "Red Chinotyisa" pamusoro intelligentsia pakati Petrograd, yaakanga remadunhurirwa kwavari "Grishka Third" (tichienzanisa Otrepyev uye Rasputin).

Vachitungamirirwa vanogara Petrograd Zinoviev guta racho rakawa vanopfuura mamiriyoni 4 nevanhu. Vazhinji vavo nyore vakasiya guta, asi chikuru chikamu vakafa nokuziya nenzara uye vaiurayiwa. Impact uye mafuta dambudziko - yechando muguta nyore haana kutenga mafuta.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zviito zvakadaro vaiva Zinoviev urongwa kuderedza "dzisiri proletarian zvinhu."

Nepo mazana vanhu vakapfurwa, Zinoviev udzvanyiriri vari kupfuura chisimba uye chinzvimbo. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakanga zvinosiyana mwoyo, kutya nokuti rufu chimurenga.

Kubvira muna 1921, Zinoviev aiva nhengo Politburo pamwe anokanda kuti kutungamirira nzvimbo. Waitsigira panguva Lenin kuti chenhaka, akabudisa mabhuku akawanda - mabasa ake akaunganidzwa akatanga kudhinda.

Zinoviev akanga achishingaira munyaya kutambudzwa Orthodox vafundisi, kana Bolsheviks nechisimba muchechi vakawanda tsika. In Petrograd, raakanga ipapo akamhanya, vakapfuura muedzo, izvo andotongerwa rufu vapristi 10, kusanganisira Archimandrite Segiyo uye gare gare somusande somusande kutenda Metropolitan Benjamin.

Zinoviev akatora chikamu kuwedzera Stalin; vanotungamirirwa kugadzwa ake General of RCP mu 1923 pedyo Munyori. Akaita izvi kwete kubva pachake tsitsi, uye kuti vachirwisa Trotsky.

Pashure Lenin afa

Pakafa Lenin Vakwikwidzi chaiyo kuti simba vaiva Trotsky uye Zinoviev.

Mumakore iwayo, Zinoviev nzvimbo dzaiva zvakasimba chaizvo. Akadana kuparadza miduku yokuruwa uye zvachose kutorera musha, kuti vavandudze maindasitiri. Yakanga achiita zvokutsvinya akazivisa kuti zvakakosha kuparadza chikamu Russian vakawanda, sezvo zvose dzidzisazve nenzira dzavo Bolsheviks vakasagona.

Zinoviev vakaedza kuronga nyika chimurenga. VaKomonisiti vakaedza kubvuta simba muGermany, Hungary, Mongolia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Poland, Finland. Zvose izvi zvakaita kuti nzufu dzakawanda uye musoro zvemari mari.

Kuburikidza Comintern Zinoviev Gregory echimurenga vaziva anopenga mari yakawanda muna Western mabhanga.

Kapoka unhu

Kunyange zvazvo Zinoviev akatsiura Stalin pachena, asi yake unhu chitendero yaakasika mberi vakaridza izvozvo akasimba zvikuru. Ake muguta kumba zita Zinoviev, kuti immortalize zita rake. Mumaguta akawanda makuru, anodzora, zvivako uye busts kunge yakaiswa. Iye akabudisa muunganidzwa rose mabasa ake (33 mavhoriyamu).

kupikiswa itsva

Mukati 2 years Zinoviev Kamneva vanoshora Stalin. Somugumisiro, zviri haichawanikwi kutungamirirwa Executive Committee of Comintern uye guta kanzuru, riri kutanga rakabva Politburo, uye gare gare gore kubva Central Committee. Izvi zvinoteverwa kudzingwa Party uye kubatana.

Muna 1928, Zinovev Grigory, vane mhuri rave atambura, akapfidza uye akadzorerwa ari mubato kuburikidza agadza Kazan University Rector. Makore mana gare gare, nyika chaiko uye journalistic mabasa vanofanira kusunga zvakare uye nhapwa, asi nguva ino nokuti asiri mashoko. In bhuku iyi, iye anoshandura "Mein Kampf" ( "Kutamburira") Hitler. Muna 1933 zvakanzi wakabudiswa dzisina riparadzirwe shanduro iyi (vashandi bato akadzidza).

Panzvimbo makore mana muutapwa, rimwe gore papera Zinoviev zvakare yakadzorerwa ari mubato uye akatumirwa Central Council. At bato Congress, akatendeuka uye vakudze Stalin neshamwari dzake. It Zinoviev akashevedza Stalin ane "shasha nguva dzose."

Mutongo uye dare

Muna December 1934, Zinoviev chakamboitwa zvakare asungwa, mutongo makore 10 ari mujeri. Kusunga yakanga kubatsirwa kupondwa Kirov, mu pfungwa dzakawanda dzekare, chokwadi ichi kwave wakarongwa Stalin. Ari Verhneuralsk enyika isolator, anotora manotsi, kureva Stalin pamwe nevimbiso kuti ndiye asisiri muvengi, uye vakagadzirira kuzadzisa chero zvinodiwa.

Stalin uye vatsigiri vake vakaita vakashandisa chaizvo mavambo Zinoviev uye Kamenev, kuparadzira makuhwa kuti kushorwa vari vaJudha uye vakadzidza.

Panguva ino, rokuchinjwa Zinoviev haana akatevera, uye muna 1936 vakapfuura "muitiro pakati gumi", iro akatonga vaimbova vatungamiriri veboka. August 24 akasarudza kuita vaipara - rufu. A zuva gare gare mutongo vaurayiwa.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti mutongo rakanga rarambidzwa muna 1988, vachiziva kushaya chiito ane mhosva.

Pane uchapupu hwokuti panguva kuferefeta Zinoviev akaita zvinodiwa kudzoka mari Comintern. Akauya chikamu mari kuti munhu kubiwa uye havana nguva kupedza kana mari. Pashure paizvozvo Stalin mupenyu, akanga asina kudiwa.

Kudzidza unhu Zinoviev pamberi kuurayiwa, Stalin achifinyamisa mate pasi, vachiti kuti vamwe chinhu pamadziro kuisa yokupedzisira yakanga yagadzirira.

Munguva vasungwe Zinoviev vakaramba makaitika ezvinhu. Nokupisa mukamuri kunonyanyisa kudziyisa yaisanganisira. Matambudziko pamwechete netsvo uye chiropa, uye zvinhu zvakadai vakauya musungwa rinorema kurwisa - kubva marwadzo akanga achiumburuka pasi uye akakumbira kuendeswa kuchipatara. Asi, rubatsiro zvakakodzera kuti vanachiremba vakapa zvinodhaka kwaari, mberi exacerbates chirwere.

Mamiriro ezvinhu makaitika mujeri pashure hwomutambarakede uye hwakachengeteka Grigoriy Evseevich Zinovev akaputsa uye ndichichema akakumbira Stalin kuzoparadza mudare.

Stalin vakavimbisa Zinoviev uye Kamenev zvirarame pamwechete dzavo, kana vanobvuma kuti dare pamwe zvose zvataipomerwa uye kurukura nevamwe Bolsheviks akare. Izvi farce pakutongwa yakaitwa, asi haana kuponesa upenyu angaratidza.

rufu

Zinoviev akapfurwa pausiku August 26, 1936 It zvakaitika ECCU chivakwa (Moscow). kuuraya zvapupu akayeuka kuti Zinoviev akakotama uye akakumbira tsitsi, vachikisana majombo kuuraya, asi pakupedzisira asingagoni kunyange kufamba, saka okupedzisira mamita shoma iye chete vakaunza. Pamberi kuuraya, akatanga kuverenga minyengetero yake yaakaberekerwa Hebrew. Kamenev, uyo akatongerwa pamwe naye, achimukurudzira kuti kumisa anyadziswa uye kufa chiremera. Pane imwe shanduro, maererano izvo aurayiwe Zinoviev aifanira kutakurwa pamubhedha.

Pashure kunaya Zinoviev mu 1988, makore mashoma nokurumbidzwa kwake sezvo pasina mhosva yasakadzwa apo repressions Stalin vake.

udzvanyiriri hama

Udzvanyiriri vakatambura nemadzimai matatu zvose Zinoviev. mudzimai First Sarah Ravich akasungwa katatu, pakupedzisira rehabilitated uye vasunungurwa kubva chirwere kwazvo makore matatu asati afa muna 1954.

mudzimai wechipiri Zlata Liling kaviri vakasungwa uye akatuma kuutapwa asi kusiyana mwanakomana wake, iye akapukunyuka rufu. mwanakomana Zinoviev akafa gore rakatevera nayo. Mushure kuurayiwa Gregory kubva kumaraibhurari nechisimba ose basa Lili (kunyanya anoshanda ari evanhu uye basa dzidzo).

mudzimai Third Zinoviev Evgeny Lyasman akasunga anenge maviri emakore. Vakazosunungurwa izvozvo chete muna 1954 uye rehabilitated inotevera remakore - muna 2006. About murume akanyora ndangariro, asi kubudisa zvinorambidzwa hama dzavo.

sinema

kukosha Zinoviev ari nhoroondo uye enyika zviitiko kakawanda mumashoko mafirimu. Yokutanga firimu raiva "October" - chimumumu chisikwa Eisenstein. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti Zinoviev akaridza Apfelbaum - mukoma wake. Pakati pezvimwe mafirimu anozivikanwa "bhuku rebhuruu", "Mumazuva October", "Red", "Red mabhero", "Lenin. Train "," Stalin ', "Vachitungamirirwa Chiratidzo Scorpio" uye yepaTV "Yesenin".

pfungwa vomunguva

Brief Biography Grigoriya Zinoveva, imwe nzira kana imwe, ichifarirwa nevakawanda vakararama. Chii pfungwa pakati voruzhinji pamusoro murume uyu? Kumboda vomunguva havana kwazvo akamisa kuzorwa Zinoviev. Vakaziva ruzivo rwake uye civility, asi yakataurawo kuti iye kwaye uye kuronga gwara.

Pedyo Zinoviev vanhu vakati kuti risina dzokupisa, kunyanya maturo uye vavariro, vakapemberera revatongi tsika.

Party mamwe masoja Zinoviev akatsoropodza nokuti kudzidza gakava uye nevasina tsika dzakanaka kusarudza nzira kuzadzisa pachako uye enyika kubudirira.

Panguva yenzara muna Petrograd, Zinoviev netafura vakauya akasiyana-siyana zvinonaka. Raiti dzakaonda uye mwero tsika prerevolutionary Gregory akakura kukosha uye nokuzvikudza "rascals vakafutisa" uyo ndokusvinira mari kubva vanhu vane nzara.

Mune netsamba vakararama Zinoviev vane shoko nezvokuvapo Leningrad ari kunamatwa unhu hwake.