Solubility - chii ichi?

Chemistry - dzinonakidza uye zvikuru kunzwisisa sainzi. Its mashoko uye pfungwa tikasangana muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, uye kwete nguva dzose nzwisisa, zvavari kureva uye chii chiri zvarinoreva. Mumwe izvi pfungwa ndiyo solubility. Izwi iri zvinowanzoshandiswa dzidziso zvinogadzirisa, uye muupenyu hwezuva nezuva tine kushandiswa kwayo nekuti takapoteredzwa izvi chete dambudziko. Asi zvinokosha zvikuru kushandiswa rokuti, sezvo avo mananara zvokunyama kuti rinomiririra. Asi vasati mberi huru chikamu nyaya yedu, kutsanya mberi munzvimbo namapfumbamwe remakore, apo Svante Arrhenius uye Wilhelm Ostwald akagadzira kuti dzidziso electrolytic dissociation.

nyaya

Rinotanga kudzidza mhinduro uye solubility rwomuviri dzidziso dissociation. Zviri nyore kunzwisisa, Zvisinei, iri isuwo chinyakare uye chete chikamu pfungwa uwirirane chokwadi. Musimboti dzidziso iyi ndechokuti solute kupinda mhinduro uchiora kupinda mhosva nezvimedu anonzi ions. nezvimedu izvi uye kuona makemikari ehupfumi chemhinduro uye vamwe mumuviri ayo zvivako, kusanganisira conductivity uye Kubika pfungwa, utsotso pfungwa uye crystallization.

Zvisinei, kupfuura kunzwisisa dzidziso izvo funga ezvinhu somunhu mhinduro, umo nezvimedu anosangana nomumwe uye dzinoumba zvinonzi solvates - ions vakapoteredzwa dipoles. Dipole - Kazhinji munhu kwazvakarerekera Morekuru, izvo oppositely mhosva nematanda. kazhinji Dipole chinhu solvent Morekuru. Paakangosvika mhinduro, ari solute urwa kupinda ions uye dipoles vanokwezvwa kune oppositely mhosva ions, mumwe nomukadzi kwavari kuguma, uye dzimwe ions - ukuwo mamwe oppositely mhosva panyaya kuguma kwayo. Saka kuwana solvates uye - mamorekuru sheathed nevamwe kwazvakarerekera mamorekuru.

Ikozvino ngatitaurei zvishoma pamusoro musimboti dzidziso pachavo, uye zvitarire kunyatsotevera.

Dzidziso zvingaitwa

Paumbwe inoramba yakadaro inogona kutsanangura zviitiko zvakawanda kuti hazvigoni kurondedzerwa kushandisa dzekare dzidziso mhinduro. Somuenzaniso, pakupisa kuita kudaro. Kubva pakuona kwoMutsvene Arrhenius dzidziso, zvakaoma kutaura sei pane pokufa imwe fuma mune imwe kupisa anogona nyura uye ndokusunungurwa. Hongu, pane kuparadzwa sekristaro yekamuri uye saka, simba nesimba uye mhinduro yakanga kana dzaserera kana aburitswa kuora nokuda zvakawandisa simba kwemakemikari zvisungo. Asi kutsanangura hazvibviri, nokuti unoramba isinganzwisisiki kukundikana mashandiro mumaonero dzekare dzidziso. Kana dzidziso vakashandisa namakemikari mhinduro, zvinova pachena kuti solvent mamorekuru iri in wedging grilles, nokuparadza ayo mukati, se "fence" ions kunze solvate deko.

In chinotevera tichakurukura chii solubility uye zvose zvine chokuita ichi raiita nyore uye nzwisisa ukoshi.

Pfungwa solubility

Intuitively pachena kuti solubility inoratidza sei zvakanaka mune fuma zvazvichanyungudutswa rakapihwa solvent. Zvisinei, yezvakaita solute tinoziva rinowanzova kwazvo duku. Sei, somuenzaniso, choko hakusi soluble mumvura uye munyu - nekusiyana? nyaya zvose zviri nesimba zvisungo mukati Morekuru. Kana zvisungo vane simba, imhaka ichi, inoramba izvi hazvigoni dissociate kupinda ions, nokudaro kuparadza sekristaro. Saka anoramba insoluble.

Solubility - ari quantitative hunhu kuratidza chii chikamu solute iri muchimiro solvated inoramba. Its ukoshi kunoenderana yezvakaita solute uye solvent. Solubility mumvura dzakasiyana zvinhu zvakasiyana, zvichienderana zvisungo pakati maatomu ari Morekuru. Zvinhu pamwe covalent zvisungo vane yakaderera zvikuru solubility, apo pamwe Ionic - soro.

Asi hazvisi nguva zvichiita kunzwisisa kukosha solubility hombe uye chii chiri chiduku. Naizvozvo, chinotevera ichakurukura chii solubility dzakasiyana zvinhu mumvura.

kuenzanisa

Zvakasikwa, pane yakawanda emura zvokufembedzwa. More hakusisipo nzira zvinhu zvinogona kushanda azvino Paaizosvika zvimwe zvinhu, zvakadai mumwe ezvinhu aggregation. Zviri pachena kuti kana kuunganidza mashoko pamusoro solubility mune mumwe vaviri nomumwe "ari ichiputswa fuma - solvent" hazvikwani nokusingagumi, nokuti zvinoitika akawandisa mubatanidzwa. Saka, zvakaitika kuti panyika nokudenga solvent uye mureza ndiwo mvura. Taizviitira nokuti Inonyanya Panyika.

Saka, tafura mvura solubility kwemazana akawanda ezviuru zvinhu kwave akambochera. zvose Takaona izvozvo, asi munguva pfupi uye unonzwisisika chimiro. Masero petafura akanyorwa mabhii rinoratidza soluble fuma kuti insoluble kana zvishoma soluble. Asi pane zvakawanda kushandiswa tafura vaya zvakakomba anonzwisisawo kemisitiri. Pane kuchireva kusanganiswa ukoshi yakaratidza solubility mu magiramu por fő kuti mhinduro.

Zvino ngationei kuti dzidziso chinhu chakadai solubility.

solubility kemesitiri

Sei muitiro Kuparadzwa pacharo, isu kare munyaya yapfuura zvikamu. Asi pano ari kuti, somuenzaniso, kuti ndikunyorerei zvose muchimiro maitiro? Zvose hakusi nyore. Somuenzaniso, kubudikidza Kuparadzwa ari iine acid maitiro kunoitika rehydrogen Ion kudyidzana nemvura kuti aumbe hydronium Ion, H ₃ O ^+. Saka, nokuti HCl maitiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga yaizova:

HCl + H ₂ O = H ₃ O ^{+ +} Cl ^-

Solubility kuti munyu, zvichienderana nechivako yavo, akatsunga neDare namakemikari kuita. kwokupedzisira chimiro kunobva munyu marongerwo uye zvisungo mukati kwayo Morekuru.

Isu afunga sei kunyora yakanyatsotsanangura solubility kuti munyu nemvura. Zvino nguva yasvika hunobatsira kushandiswa.

kunyoresa

Kana iwe nyora Muzviitiko apo ukoshi ichi zvakakodzera, hazvingodi kuti zana remakore. Isina, kushandisa unogona kuverenga mamwe tsika kuti zvinokosha kwazvo kudzidza chero mhinduro. Pasina izvozvo tinogona hadzizivi wevasungwa ari fuma, kwayakaita haasi kukwanisa kuongorora kana mushonga acharapa kana kuuraya munhu (kunyange mvura kunaka kurarama yakawanda).

Kuwedzera zvemakemikari indasitiri uye zvinangwa kwesayenzi, kunzwisisa solubility kunokosha kunyange mumba. Dzimwe nguva iri vakada kubereka, uti, munhu supersaturated mhinduro imwe pfuma. Somuenzaniso, zvinokosha kuti pave munyu crystals kuti rechikoro mwana. Kuziva solubility zviri munyu mumvura, tingaziva zviri nyore sei zvinodikanwa zadza mumudziyo, rwunotanga precipitate uye chimiro crystals kubva overabundance.

Asati tagutsikana mupfupi karwendo tichipinda kemisitiri, ngatitaurei pamusoro pfungwa shoma chokuita solubility.

Chiizve unofadza?

In yedu pfungwa, kana uchinge zvasvika chikamu ichi, iwe pamwe aitoziva kuti solubility - haisi chinoshamisa namakemikari akawanda. Ndiwo hwaro mamwe zvakawanda. Pakati pavo: wevasungwa, basa, dissociation kugara, ph. Uye ichi hachisi ndandanda. Unofanira Zvichida wakanzwa mumwechete mashoko aya. Pasina ruzivo urwu, yezvakaita zvinogadzirisa, kudzidza iyo yakatanga kuparadzwa, hatigoni kufungidzira ano kemisitiri uye wefizikisi. Ko Physics? Dzimwe nguva Physics chine zvinogadzirisa, uyere conductance dzavo, uye kushandisa zvimwe zvivako huenderane zvaunoda.

mhedziso

Munyaya ino, takasangana pamwe makemikari pfungwa dzakadai solubility. Zvinofanira kunge chaizvo kubatsira mashoko, sezvo vakawanda vedu hakugoni kufungidzira yakadzika zvinoreva dzidziso zvinogadzirisa, asina chido sika zvizere racho pakudzidza. Chero zvazvingava zvinobatsira chaizvo kudzidzisa uropi hwako, kudzidza chinhu chitsva. Pashure hwose munhu anofanira "kudzidza, kudzidza uye kudzidza zvakare."