Mune zvimwe zviitiko, dissociation kugara hazvina musoro?

Chemicals vari muunganidzwa kwemaatomu kuti kunoenderana mumwe imwe mutemo, kana kupfuura zvazviri, mumwe nomumwe wavo ari hurongwa rine nuclei uye maerekitironi. Kana hurongwa rinoumbwa imwe mhando kwemaatomu, zvino rinogona kunzi chete-Musimboti, kana marudzi akasiyana kwemaatomu, ari neodnoyadernoy. Izvi electrically kwazvakarerekera hurongwa. Somugumisiro Kufurirwa nevamwe (tembiricha, chiedza, nemwaranzi kana polar solvent mamorekuru pamwe dipole polarization) decays makemikari. Cations uye anions umo pasi Zvakaitwa mamorekuru ari polar solvent (mvura) mamorekuru anoora fuma (electrolyte) havachisiri electrically kwazvakarerekera. Chero hurongwa ruchigona zvakanyatsoenzana. In simba electrolytes muenzaniso unoratidza kuti dissociation akadaro reversible. For simba electrolytes, mashoko aya haasi rakakodzera, sezvo zvinenge zvose mamorekuru dissociate kupinda ions. Vanzveri gadziriro zvakanyatsoenzana akarondedzerwa electrolytic dissociation Khao ↔ K • X + and + • A- uye unoratidza dissociation chenguva kd = [K +] X • [A] mundima / [Khao].

Kubva apa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: vakanyanya undissociated mamorekuru, ikava duku dissociation kugara, uye vakutarisire. Zvisinei, izvi hairevi simba electrolytes akawanikwa kuti kwete kuwedzera, asi shoma kuwedzera yevasungwa kd. Izvi imhaka kwete kuderera uwandu kuputswa mamorekuru uye kuwedzera pakati oppositely mhosva nezvimedu, kuti kukwezvana simba nokuda zvinoderedza kure pakati pavo nokuda wakawedzera wevasungwa chemhinduro. Naizvozvo, mano nesimba electrolytes dissociate kupinda ions akayera zviratidzi dzakadai pachena mwero dissociation, uye CD haushandi, sezvo hazvina musoro. To mhinduro ine simba electrolyte haana pfungwa kushandisa, uye ukuru dissociation, nekuti pamwe kudzikira wevasungwa nhamba dissociated mamorekuru kuti uwandu kuora rwuchiwanzwa, asi haina paanenge kubata electrolyte. Kukwanisa kwavo dissociate kupinda ions inoratidza dissociation chenguva, sezvo chete kunobva mhinduro tembiricha uye yezvakaita solvent, kureva, kd ari kugara kwenguva imwe fuma Khao.

Plain mvura (kubva dzinongoitika zvinyorwa, kana uya runoyerera kubva pombi) hakusi yakachena. tsime remvura yakachena chine hydronium Ion [H3O + 1] uye hydroxide ions [OH-1]. Vari aumba kubva mamorekuru maviri mvura: H2O + H2O ↔ H3O + 1 + OH-1. Izvi kashoma zvinoitika, nokuti mvura iri kushanda kwete dissociate kupinda ions, ave simba electrolyte. Panguva zvakanyatsoenzana, wevasungwa pamusoro hydroxide ions uye hydronium ions ndiwo: [H3O + 1] = [OH-1]. Zvichiitika reversible. Water ariko kazhinji sezvo musanganiswa mamorekuru, hydroxide ions uye hydronium ions hunodzorwa mvura mamorekuru uye ions varipo chete chero. Constant dissociation kwemvura kunoratidzwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: kd = [H3O + 1] • [OH-1] / [H2O] • [H2O ].

Acid dissociation mu mhinduro zvinoreva manyowa kubva protons H +, uye ane acidic moiety. Dissociation polybasic asidhi unobuda matanho akawanda (apo wakanamatira mumwe chete rehydrogen nokuo- nga), Danho rimwe nerimwe hwokuratidza kukosha kwayo rusingaperi kd. In wokutanga danho rehydrogen Ion panobviswa nyore kupfuura nekutambira mumatanho, saka kugara kubva padanho kuti pachikuva kunodzikira. The dissociation chenguva kd ane chokukomborerwa iine acid simba asidhi: acids simba vane yepamusoro kd ukoshi ndiEzekieri. Paaizosvika zvakanyatsoenzana kwacho kuora mwero uye mwero mamorekuru vakaenzana. For acids simba angashandiswa (pamwe chete Ion-Ion kudyidzana mauto ari kugadzirisa akasimba electrolytes) mitemo ine makemikari zvakanyatsoenzana kuverenga kd pa 25 ° C. For hydrochloric asidhi (HCl) kd = 10000000, hydrobromic (HBr) kd = 1000000000, hydriodic (HJ) kd = 100000000000, sulfuric asidhi (H2SO4) kd = 1000, nitric asidhi (HNO3) kd = 43,6, acetate (CH3COOH) kd = 0,00002, tsianovodorodnoy (HCN) kd = 0,0000000008. Kuziva ehupfumi ari acids uye naivo kd anokoshesa dzakapiwa, zvinganzi vakati dissociation chenguva, dzakanga dziri asidhi kusimba.