Ndezvipi zvaizivikanwa zvebhizimisi muzana remakore rechi17? Kutengeserana kune dzimwe nyika uye zvekugara muRussia

Izvo zvinyorwa zvekutengeserana muzana remakore rechi17 zviri kuve zvikonzero zvinokosha pakuvandudzwa kwemarudzi matsva ehukama hwehupfumi. Sangano rekare remabasa ekugadzira zvishoma nezvishoma riri kusina basa, zvishoma zvishoma kugadzirwa kuri kuitora. Ndezvipi zvaizivikanwa zvebhizimisi muzana remakore rechi17, hukama hutsva hwakaumbwa sei muRussia uye kune dzimwe nyika - tichakurukura pasi apa.

New phenomena in handicraft production

Nezvezvakanakira zvekutengeserana muzana remakore rechi17, mumwe anogona kutongomira kutonga nemitemo yekuvandudzwa kwehukama hwekugadzira. Pamberi pekuvandudzwa kwemabasa ekugadzira kwakaitwa mukati megadziriro yekurima kwekurima - mhizha haigoni kupa huwandu hwakawanda hwezvakagadzirwa zvake - zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakagadzirwa kurongeka. Kuwedzera kwezvisungo zvebhizimisi zvakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuwedzera michina - ikozvino mushandi anogona kuita zvinhu "zvekushandiswa kwemangwana", kuverenga kune mutengi anouya. Kune humwe hunyanzvi hwemhizha - dzimwe nzvimbo dzenyika yeRussia dzinova varairi vezvinhu izvi kana zvimwe zvinhu. Semuenzaniso, Belozerye yakakurumbira nokuda kwezviyo zvayo, Nizhny Novgorod vashandi vakaita masvingo ane simba, uye Vologda vanogadzira mhando dzakashamisa. Saka kune nzvimbo dzenharaunda dzemabasa akasiyana-siyana.

The manufacactories yekutanga

Kana iyo mabhizimisi ekudzivirira ainge akavakirwa pabasa rimwe nerimwe, zvekuda kwekugadzirwa kwemasallurgy, zvombo uye minda yekugadzira, rubatsiro rwehurumende rwaidiwa. Zvichida ndicho chikonzero maguta ari pedyo neMoscow - Tula, Kashira, Serpukhov - inova ndiyo nzvimbo yekutanga yekutengeserana kwemasimba. Kugadzira mashizha, sebasa rakaoma kwazvo rebasa, raida mabasa akawanda emabasa - saka zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga kushandisa basa rebharedhi. Yokutanga manufactory, iyo yakashandisa basa revashandi vakashandira, yaiva Cannon Court, yakasimuka muzana remakore rechi15. Muzana ramakore rechi17, manufactories anenge makumi matatu yakasiyana yakasikwa. Kwenguva yekutanga, dynasties yevashandi vekugadzira vari kuumbwa - Sveteshnikovs, Demidovs, Stroganovs nevamwe.

Kuvandudzwa kwekutengeserana kwedzimba

Ndezvipi zvaizivikanwa zvebhizimisi muRussia muzana remakore rechi17? Nyika yacho yakaguma ichinge yakasununguka uye yakagadziriswa mumisika yeEurope. Imwe misika mitsva yose yeRussia neyo yega yekutengeserana nzvimbo dzayo yakatanga kuumbwa. Chimwe chinhu chinokosha mune izvi chakaitwa nemafree makuru - Arkhangelsk, Irbitskaya, Nizhny Novgorod. Paiva nevatengi vokutanga-vatengesi vese, avo vakatenga zvinhu mumaketeni makuru uye vakazvitengesa mune zviduku zvishoma. Pockfooterism yakapararira - kutenga ribhoni, zvitsvuku, scallops, mapepa akakurumbira uye zvishongo zvisiri nyore kune vakanaka, vatengesi vakaenda kumaguta nemisha vachitengesa zvinhu zvavo kune vagari vemo. Kubudirira kwe manufactories, kutengeserana kwekutengesa uye kushandiswa kwenhandare yemapurisa - idzi ndidzo dzidziso huru, kupa pfungwa yeiyo yaiva inokosha yebhizimisi muzana remakore rechi17 pamusika wemusha weRussia.

Tsika dzakatemerwa

Pakutanga kwezana remakore, mabasa akawanda emitambo aiva akaoma mukati mekutengeserana kwemukati, kwakasimuka kunyange munguva dzekuparadzana. Zvikumbiro zvakawanda zvakakanganiswa zvakakonzerwa nekusimudzirwa kwezvinhu pamusika, kuita kuti bhizinesi risabatsire uye inodhura. Asi muna 1653 Mutemo weDare reMitemo wakabudiswa, uyo wakabvisa mari yepakati-yekambani, yakatanga mitemo yekuunganidza mitemo. Nokudaro, hurumende dzeku tsarist dzakatsvaka kumutsidzira hurumende munyika.

Kutengeserana kune dzimwe nyika

Ndezvipi zvaizivikanwa zvekutengeserana kunze kwenyika muzana remakore rechi17? Vatengesi vokuRussia havana kungoita chete kutengeserana kwedzimba, asi vakanga vatova nekwaniso yemisika yekuchamhembe kwenyika dzeEurope. Zvinosuruvarisa, kuwanika kweGungwa reBaltic risina mvura rakanga risina kuwanikwa nenguva iyoyo. Vatengesi vaifanira kushandisa mwedzi yakawanda yekuzorora kwemwedzi kuti vasvike kumisika yeSweden, England, Denmark kubva kumaodzanyemba kwenyika. Zvinhu zvekutengeserana uye zvekutengeserana kunze kwekutengeserana kunze kwenyika panguva iyi hazvina kuchinja, kana zvichienzaniswa nenguva dzakapfuura, saka zvakaoma kutaura mumamiriro ekutengeserana kunze kwenyika izvo zvisikwa zvebhizimisi muzana remakore rechi17 zvaive. Sezvenguva dzose, zvinhu zvikuru zvekutengesa zvinhu zvaiva zviyo, furs, flax, hemp, mafuta, uye ganda. Russia yakatengesa zvinhu zvepamusoro, machira, mashizha emhizha, tei, kofi, zvinonhuwira.

Kurwisa kuderedza

Asi kuburikidza nehurumende dzehurumende, kupindira kwevatengesi vokunze mumusika weRussia kwava nzvimbo yakawanda. Kazhinji vakanganisa mitengo yevatengesi veRussia. Zvikwangwani zvakawanda zvevatengesi vokuRussia vakanzwika, uye muna 1667 New Commercial Charter yakagamuchirwa , nekuda kwekuti vatengesi vokunze vakanga vasisina kodzero uye rusununguko zvakafanana mumusika wekuRussia mumusha. Vatorwa vaigona kungoita zvekuwanda uye zvizere zvekutengesa - kutengeserana kwekutengesa kwairambidzwa kwavari. Mabasa akasiyana-siyana pamitambo yakatengeswa yakaiswa, nekuda kwekuti mari yezvinhu zvekumba uye zvekutengeswa zvakangofanana. Mukuwedzera, mabasa matsva akabudirira kugadzirisa pfuma ye tsarist.

Kupfupisa, tinogona kutaura kuti chii chakanga chiri chekushambadzira muzana remakore rechi17. Muchidimbu, vakave nekuwedzera kwehukama hutsva hwekutengeserana, kuve nyore kwemitemo yekutengeserana, kubudirira kwemisika yepamusha, kutanga kuedza kudzivirira vatengi vavo uye vamiririri vezvokutengeserana kubva kune dzimwe nyika kupindira. Uye kuenzanisa kwezvakabhadhara zveRussia nezvimwe zvekunze kuburikidza nokuiswa kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvakagadzirisa kukura kwemaindasitiri eminda.