Varindi veMuzinda waMambo: tsananguro, maitiro, nhoroondo uye zvinhu zvinonakidza

Varindi veMuzinda waMambo, vakaberekerwa mumakore ehurumende uye vakasimbiswa pasi peumambo, vakazoita basa guru rezvematongerwo enyika. Kunyange madzimambo aifanira kuverenga nevatungamiriri veMuzinda waMambo, sezvo vaigona kubvisa zvisingadi, uye vamwe vanhu vakamanikidzwa kuti vagare pachigaro choumambo, avo vakasiyirwa varindi vevarindi veva emperors neve consuls.

Occurrence

Zvinotenderwa zvakasununguka kuti muvambi wevatungamiri vekutanga vehurumende aAgasto. Ndiye iye akatanga kutanga akasika mauto ehondo. Zvisinei, kunyange pasi pehurumende yezve republican, zviyero zvakafanana zvakanga zvatovapo. Vakuru vakuru vakange vakapoteredzwa nevarwi vekupedzisira, shamwari nevasununguko, avo vaive vatsigiri nevarindi vemauto makuru ehondo. Havana kuenda kunzvimbo dziri kure, asi nguva dzose vakagara ne "tenzi wavo".

Iko kunofanira kutaurwa kuti Varindi veMuzinda waMambo vakagadzirwa zvikurukuru kubva kuvarume vechidiki vane hukama hwepamusoro hwevanhu. Vazhinji vaida kuva chikamu cheboka. Sei? Nemhaka yokuti majaya aya akapinda mukugadzirisa aya aigara aine mutongi, aive nekodzero dzezvikomborero zvakapfuma, kunze kwekuti, basa ravo rakanga risina kuremedza sezvakaitwa nevanodzidzisa. Izvo zvisinganyanyi kukosha pano kwaiva kukosha kwekukura kwekuita basa.

VaMuzinda waMambo pasi paAgasto

Emperor Augustus akagadzira zvinyorwa zveMuzinda waMuzinda wega wega semashambadziri kusvika kumiganhu yemuganhu, uye vakamira kumativi ose eItaly. Mumuguta maiva ne 3 chete mazano. Pakazara, mapoka 9 pamwe nevanhu 4 500 vakasikwa. Pamusoro wega wega wega wakamira mutungamiri wePitoli.

Pasi paAugustus, nhamba yemasoja ega ega ega yaiva nevanhu 500, mune ramangwana chiyero ichi chakakura kusvika 1000, uye zvichida kunyange 1 500 nekutangira kwezana remakore rechitatu AD. E.

Augustsi pachake haana kumbotarisa muRoma kupfuura vanopfuura vatatu vaMuzinda waMambo. Mushure meAgasto, pasi peTiberius, varindi vose veMuzinda waMambo, vane mapoka gumi nematanhatu, vaiva muguta guru pasi pomurairo weimwe mutungamiriri. Yaiva simba guru.

Ropafadzo uye zvizivikanwe zvevarindi veMuzinda waMambo

Kusiyana neairegionaries avo vakashumira makore makumi maviri, VaMuzinda waMambo vakanga vari mubasa kwemakore gumi nematanhatu. Panguva imwecheteyo, mubhadharo wavo paavhareji ne 330% yaive yakakwirira kudarika yeagionnaire pamusoro pemishandirapamwe nguva dzose uye dzimwe nguva mumamiriro ezvinhu asinganzwisisiki. Vatungamiri vaifanira kubhadhara mutengo wakanaka kuitira kuti vasazofadzwa nebasa racho, iro rinogona kutungamirira pakubatanidzwa.

VaMuzinda waMambo vakanga vasingadi kuenderera mberi mumasoja ehondo uye vaiwanzobatanidzwa mune izvi. Asi muzvinyorwa izvi ava vaiva vanhu vokutanga uye vakashanda nesimba mukati mavo munguva yeumambo.

Mitsara yemakwikwi yaisanganisira vagari veItaly nemapurovhinzi akavakidzani, vakatotora nguva yakareba mukugumira kuRoma. Pakati pevarume vechiduku vaishamisa uye varwi vane unyanzvi, Varindi veMuzinda waMambo vakanyoreswa. Nhoroondo yakaramba ichishandura urongwa hwepakutanga hwekuunganidza vaPuritorians. Mushure mekunge vaedzazve kudzinga mambo, Septimus Sever akaparadzira vose vaMuzinda waMambo uye akaunganidza vatsva, asi kubva pakati pemasoja eDanube, avo vakanga vakavimbika kwaari.

Panguva yekushanda kwemabasa avo, vaMuzinda waMambo vakashongedza muToga, vaifunga zvipfeko zvevakuru uye vapfumi. Mabhanhire emakorokari akaratidza mifananidzo yemutongi, mhuri yake, uyewo mazita ehondo dzakaguma nekukunda kwemambo.

Basa guru

Varindi veMuzinda waMambo weRoma, basa guru raiva kudzivirira mambo nemhuri yake. Iko kunofanira kunzwisiswa kuti kuwedzera kune mapurisa eMuzinda waMambo, ndiko kuti, ezvo ose, pane boka rakasiyana, risingazviisi pasi mutungamiri wehurumende, asi zvakananga pasi pekumambo. Ava ndivo varindi veumambo, avo vaive neshamwari dzepedyo, shamwari, vakuru vehondo, uyewo vamwe vevatasvi vemabhiza. Nekuuya kwevatongi vatsva, kuumbwa kwedzimba iyi kwakashanduka. Somuenzaniso, Augusto akaumba kubva kumaGermany, uye pasi peJulians-Claudius, Varindi veMuzinda waMambo vakagadzirwa kubva kuvaBatavians.

Varindi vevanhu veumambo vaiva kutsigira kwake. Takagamuchira ruzivo pamusoro pehukuru hwesasa rinokosha. Yaiva nevarwi 1000, uye mutungamiri wavo ainzi chiliarch, zvinoreva "zviuru". Nguva yose vataridzi vaivapo, kusvikira 312 AD. E., Paiva nekuchinja kusingaperi mukugadzirwa kwavo. Izvi zvinogona kutaura nezvekukwirira kwavo mune zvematongerwe enyika pane dzimwe nguva munhau kana nezvezvezvemabasa avo sevarwi.

Mamwe mabasa: mauto emukati

Zvinofanira kunzi kuti panguva iyoyo Umambo hweRoma hwakange husina mauto emukati. Nokudaro, avo vakagadzirwa nevakuru veMuzinda waMambo vakashanda sevadziviriri venharaunda yaro. Uye kana muMambo hwose, kana kuti mumapurovhesi, mauto eRoma aikonzera kuchengetedzwa, runyararo uye kugadzikana kwenzvimbo dzakasiyana, muItaly, simba rakadaro rakanga risipo.

Zvechokwadi, Italy yakaramba isina kuchengetedzwa. Uye Varindi veMuzinda waMambo vakagadzirwa pasi paAugustus vakaita basa revarwi vemo. Kubvira panguva yekare, mauto ezvakaipa akange ari kuparadza maguta eItaly nemisha, basa rekurwisana rave rakapiwa kumakwikwi eMuzinda waMambo.

Mapurisa anoshanda

Vatungamiriri vehurumende havana kuita basa rekurwisana nembavha kwenguva refu, nokuti munguva pfupi dzose mazano avo akaendeswa kuRoma. Kubva panguva ino kusvika kumabasa ekutanga evadziviriri veumambo, kunze kwekurwisana nembavha, vamwe vakawedzerwa. Varindi veMuzinda waMambo, guta rekuchengetedzwa kweguta uye mapurisa akacherechedza zviri mukati maro muguta, uye vaibatanidzwawo mukurwisana nemoto.

Nezvemabasa emapurisa, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti Roma iripo kare muzana remakore rechipiri AD. E. Yakanga iri huru megalopolis ine 1.5 mamiriyoni vagari. Yaiva iro guta guru munyika yose, rakasara kwemakore anopfuura zana. Nenzira, chizvarwa cheRoma yemazuva ano chinongowedzera kaviri chete - vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni matatu. Mhirizhonga, kuparwa kwemhosva, kuponda, kubavha kwaive chinhu chakajairika kuRoma.

Nhamba huru yemasitima erima yakaita kuti kuwedzera kwechivi. Mangwanani oga oga vakawana mhaka yezvakaipa mumararamiro evanhu vane pfuma. Mhosva yacho yakanyanya kuvhiringidza vose mambo uye vagari vese veRoma. Saka hazvishamisi kuti Varindi veMuzinda waMambo vakaita mabasa ekuchengetedza mitemo.

Moto inoshanda

Nemoto moto mamiriro acho akanga asiri nyore. Mune misha yemazuva ano, vashanduki vose vanoda kuswedera pedyo nechepakati uye vanozeza kuva nezvivako zvavo mukusununguka kunzvimbo dziri kure. Panguva iyoyo muRoma mamiriro acho akanga akafanana. Somugumisiro, migwagwa yakanga yakanyanyisa. Somuenzaniso, panguva yaNero iri pakati peRoma maiva nemigwagwa miviri yakareba (4-5 uye 6.5 m), iyo yose inosvika yakafara mamita maviri chete. Yakawanda yemigwagwa yaiva nemitambo uye alleys.

Kunyanya kutaura pamusoro peizvi ndechokuti vagari vemunzvimbo mbiri dzakapoteredza vaigona kukukwadzana nekubatana nemaoko kuburikidza nehwindo. Mhosva iyi yakatungamirira kubuda kwemoto kune zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zveguta guru: sechikonzero chekugara kwedzimba kune mumwe nemumwe, moto wakapararira mukati meguta nekukurumidza.

Munhoroondo yeRoma maiva nemoto, panguva iyo vazhinji veguta vakapisa kunze. Saka, pamwe nekuchengetedza mutemo wepamutemo wepamutemo, mabasa edzimoto ainyanya kukosha. Mambo, anonyatsoziva izvi, akatarirwa kuvaMuzinda waMambo kurwisana nemoto.

Chokwadi chinofadza

Vatariri veMuzinda waMambo weRome, maitiro ematongerwo enyika ezvematongerwe enyika ayo aive nenzvimbo inokosha, aive nebasa rinokosha kwavari, uye mune dzimwe nguva, kunyange kutonga.

VaMuzinda waMambo vaibatanidzwa mune zviitiko zvose zvakafanana. Vamwe madzimambo vakaurayiwa nevarindi vavo. Somuenzaniso, Commodus naCaligula. Vakuru veMuzinda waMambo vaiwanzova umambo pamusoro wemambo wekuenderera mberi. Semuenzaniso, mushure mekugadzirira kubudirira uye kuurawa kwaMambo Caracalla, Macrin pachake akava mutongi. Mushure mokutonga kwaMarcus Aurelius, Varindi veMuzinda waMambo vakashandurwa kuva hurumende dzine utsinye.

Sangano reMuzinda waMambo rakaparadzwa munguva yekutonga kwaMambo Constantine, anozivikanwa nezvekuendeswa kweguta guru kuByzantium, rakazonzi Konstantinople, iye zvino Istanbul. Ndiye iye uyo muna 312 AD E. Akabvisa Varindi veMuzinda waMambo, achichitumidza kuti "dendere rinoramba riripo rokurwisana uye kunyadzisa."

Ngatitorei zvese pamusoro apa. Nokufamba kwenguva, va praetorians, pakutanga vakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza kurongeka nekudzivirira vanhu veumambo, vave mhuka. Vakava makina ekuparadzanisa "vatongi vasingadiwi." Panguva imwecheteyo, mazano akashandira umambo hwakanaka, achibvisa hutsika husina simba kubva kune simba nekusimbisa vane simba, nokudaro kusimbisa nyika yose. Kuramba mumusoro uye, maererano naizvozvo, umambo hwaive hwakakwana zvakakwana nevarindi veMambo. Nokudaro, zvinenge zvakaoma kupindura zvisina mubvunzo mubvunzo wekuti vatongi vekare vakadaro - "mhuka" kana "kurongeka".