Philosophy: chii chinonyanya-nyaya kana pfungwa?

Philosophy isayenzi yekare. Yakasimuka munguva yeuranda hurongwa. Uye zvinonakidza, dzimwe nguva kamwe mune dzimwe nyika dzakadai seChina, India neGreece. Nhoroondo yesayenzi inopfuura makore 2500. Munguva iyi, zvakawanda zvezviito zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaumbwa, zvichiratidza maitiro ezvematongerwe enyika, zvehupfumi uye hupfumi hwevanhu. Kuongorora zvose zvingaita mazano efilosofi zvinonakidza uye zvinokosha. Asi zvose zvinotungamirira kuruvo rekona - dambudziko rekuva nekuziva.

Kusiyana kwakasiyana kwechinetso chimwe

Mubvunzo wokutanga wefilosofi, iyo iyo yose inotungamirirwa nayo, yakagadzirwa mune dzimwe shanduro. Kubatana pakati pekuve nekuziva ndeye dambudziko rehukama hwemweya nemasikirwo, mweya nemuviri, kufunga uye kuva, etc. Chikoro chese chefilosofi chakatsvaga mhinduro kumubvunzo: chii chinonyanya kukosha kana kuziva? Chii chiri ukama hwekufunga kuva? Chikamu chakadai pakati peGermany thinkers Schelling uye Engels chakanzi ndiro nyaya huru yefilosofi.

Kukosha kwechinetso ichi chiri muchokwadi chokuti kubva pakurongwa kwayo kwakarurama kunobva pakuvakwa kwechidimbu chesainzi pamusoro penzvimbo yevanhu munyika dzakapoteredza. Pfungwa uye nyaya dzakasiyana. Asi panguva imwe chete iyi yezvipikisa. Kuziva kunowanzoti mweya.

Mativi maviri eimwe mubvunzo

Mubvunzo mukuru wefilosofi: "Chii chinonyanya-nyaya kana kuti kuziva?" - pane nguva - kuva nekugunun'una. Rutivi rwemawere, mune mamwe mazwi, nderokutsvaga mhinduro yedambudziko guru refilosofi. Uye chinangwa chekuziva, kana epistemological, chinopedza mubvunzo wekuti tinoziva here kana kuti hatizivi nyika.

Zvichienderana nemativi maviri aya, kune mazano mana makuru. Iko maonero epanyama (zvinhu zvenyama) uye mafungiro, unhu (empiricism) uye rationalistic.

Intology ine mazano anotevera: kuda zvinhu (classical and vulgar), idealism (chinangwa uye chinotenderera), dealism, deism.

Chikamu chepistememological chinomiririrwa nemashanu mazano. Iyi iGnosticism uye gare gare agnosticism. Zvimwe zvitatu - kuve nekutsvaga, kuongorora, kushushikana.

Mutsara weDemocritus

Muzvinyorwa zvekunyama zvinhu zvinowanzozonzi mutsara weDemocritus. Vatsigiri vake vakaifunga kuti mhinduro yakarurama kumubvunzo wechinhu chikuru-nyaya kana chizivo, nyaya. Maererano neizvi izvo zvinotevera zvezvinhu zvenyama zvinonzwika sezvizvi:

• Nyaya iripo, uye yakasununguka pakuziva;
• Nyaya ibasa rinotsigira; Zvinoda chete pachazvo uye zvinokura maererano nemutemo wayo womukati;
• Kuziva inzvimbo yekuzviratidza pachayo, iyo ndeye nyaya yakarongeka;
• Kuziva hachisi chinhu chakazvimirira, chiri.

Pakati pevazivi vanoziva ivo vanozviisa pamberi pavo mubvunzo mukuru pamusoro pezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha kana kuziva, munhu anogona kusarudza:

• Democritus;
• Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes (Chikoro cheMiltus);
• Epicurus, Bacon, Locke, Spinoza, Diderot;
• Herzen, Chernyshevsky;
• Marx, Engel, Lenin.

Kushungurudzika kwezvisikwa

Zvakasiyana, zvinonyangadza pfuma zvinosarudzwa. Anomiririrwa naFocht, Moleschott. Muchirevo ichi, kana munhu atanga kutaura pamusoro penyaya iyo nyaya kana kuti kuziva ndeyekutanga, basa remamiriro achose rakasimbiswa.

Mafirosofi anofarira kutsvaga mashoko acho nekubatsirwa nesayenzi chaiyo: physics, mathematics, chemistry. Vanoramba kuteerera kana sangano uye kukwanisa kwayo kukanganisa nyaya. Maererano nevamiri vezvakaipa, huropi hwevanhu hunobudisa pfungwa, uye kuziva, kufanana nechiropa, kunovanza bile. Iyi nhungamiro haitauri kusiyana kwehutano pakati pepfungwa nenyaya.

Maererano nevashambadzi vemazuva ano, apo mubvunzo unobvunzwa pamusoro pezvinonyanya kukoshesa nyaya kana kuziva, uzivo wekunyama, unobva pane zvakanyatsozivikanwa uye zvepanyama, zvinonzwisisika zvinoratidza kuti zvinotevera. Asi kune utera - tsanangudzo yakajeka yezvakakosha zvekuziva, kusakwanisa kududzirwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda zvenyika. Kuda pfuma kwakakonzera huzivi hweGreece (nguva ye demokrasia), mumatunhu eGenesen, muEngland muzana remakore rechi17, muFrance muzana remakore rechisere, mune nyika dzevanhu vanogara mumasangano ezvematongerwo enyika emakore makumi maviri.

Mutsetse wePlato

Chimiro chinonzi Platoic line. Vatsigiri vezviitiko izvi vaidavira kuti pfungwa ndeyekutanga, nyaya ndeyekupedzisira mukugadzirisa dambudziko guru refilosofi. Unhu hwakanaka hunoparadzanisa zvinyorwa zviviri zvakazvimiririra: chinangwa uye chimiro.

Vamiririri vekutanga kutungamira - Plato, Leibniz, Hegel nevamwe. Yechipiri yakatsigirwa nevazivi vakadaro saBerkeley naHume. Muvambi wechinangwa chinangwa ndiPlato. Maonero ehutungamiri aya anowanikwa nemashoko okuti: "Ndiyo pfungwa chete ndeyechokwadi uye yepamusoro." Chinangwa chinangwa chinoti:

• Izvo zvakapoteredzwa ndeye nyika yemafungiro uye nyika yezvinhu;
• Nharaunda ye eidos (pfungwa) iripo pakutanga mumoyo (wepanyika);
• Nyika yezvinhu zvinhu uye haina hupenyu huripo, asi iyo inofanirwa nemafungiro;
• Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chinhu chimiro che eidos;
• Basa rinonyanya kukosha pakushandura pfungwa mune chimwe chinhu chinopiwa kuna Mwari Musiki;
• Mumwechete eidos aripo zvakajeka, zvisinei nokuti tinoziva.

Manzwiro uye kufunga

Kuzviisa pasi pakufunga, kutaura kuti kuziva ndeyekutanga, nyaya ndeyepiri, inoti:

• Zvose zviripo chete mupfungwa dzenyaya yacho;
• Pfungwa dziri mupfungwa dzevanhu;
• Mifananidzo yezvinhu zvepanyama zvakare inongova mupfungwa chete nekuda kwemanzwiro anonzwa;
• Hazvina basa kana eidos kurarama zvakasiyana nekuziva kwevanhu.

Chirevo chechirevo ichi ndechokuti hapana kune tsanangudzo dzakatendeka uye dzinonzwisisika dzemhando chaiyo yekushandura eidos kuva chinhu chaicho. Mafungiro efilosofi akatonga nguva yaPlato muGreece, muMiddle Ages. Uye nhasi zvinowanzoitika muU.S., Germany uye dzimwe nyika dzeWestern Europe.

Monism uye Dualism

Kuda pfuma, chinangwa - kunonzi kunonzi monism, kureva, dzidziso yemutemo wekutanga. Descartes yakagadzira unhu hwakasvibirira, iyo chirevo chaicho chiri mumashoko:

• Pane zvinhu zviviri zvakazvimirira: muviri uye zvekunamata;
• Izvo zvinhu zvinowedzera zvishoma;
• VaMweya vakafunga;
• Munyika yose zvinhu zvose zvinotorwa kubva kune imwe kana kubva kune chinhu chechipiri;
• Zvinhu zvenyama zvinobva munyaya, uye pfungwa kubva kune zvinhu zvemweya;
• Nyaya nemweya zvinopesana zvinopesana nezvimwe.

Mukutsvaga mhinduro kumubvunzo unokosha wefilosofi: "Chii chinonyanya-nyaya kana kuti kuziva?" - inogona kuumbwa muchidimbu: nyaya uye ruzivo zviripo nguva dzose uye zvinowirirana.

Mamwe mazano mufilosofi

Pluralism inotaura kuti nyika ine mavambo akawanda, semakona mune dzidziso yaG. Leibniz.

Kushushikana kunobvuma kuvapo kwaMwari, uyo akambosika nyika uye asingachagoni kubatanidzwa mukufambira mberi kwayo, hazvivhiringidzi zviito uye hupenyu hwevanhu. Vanodzvinyirira vanomiririra maFrezi-vadzidzisi vezana remakore rechigumi nemana-Voltaire naRousseau. Havana kupesana nenyaya yekuziva uye vakaiona yakasimudzirwa.

Kusiyanisa kwepfungwa kunokanganisa mafungiro ezvakanaka uye pfuma.

Muvambi wenhema aiva F. Bacon. Kusiyana nemashoko ekufungidzira: "Kuziva ndiko kunonyanya kukoshesa nenyaya" - nyanzvi yezvinyorwa inotaura kuti zivo uye ruzivo zvinogona kungoenderana nekuziva uye manzwiro. Mupfungwa (pfungwa) hapana chinhu chisina kubviswa kuburikidza neruzivo.

Kurega zivo

Agnosticism inotungamirirwa zvachose nekuramba zvachose mukana wekunzwisisa nyika kuburikidza nehumwe ruzivo rwekutonga. Iyi pfungwa yakatangwa naTG Huxley, uye mumiririri akajeka we agnosticism aiva I. Kant, uyo akakavimbisa kuti pfungwa yevanhu ine mikana yakawanda, asi haina zvishoma. Pachikonzero ichi, pfungwa dzomunhu dzinomuka kumhanho uye kupesana kusina mukana wekugadziriswa. Pakati pese, kune humwe hupikano hwakadaro, maererano naKant. Mumwe wavo: Mwari ariko - Mwari haako. Maererano naKant, kunyange izvo zviri zvekufungidzira kwemafungiro evanhu hazvigoni kuzivikanwa, sezvo zivo inongova nekwanisi yekuratidzira zvinhu mumanzwiro, asi zvinopfuura simba rekuziva zviri mukati.

Mazuva ano, vatsigiri vechirangariro "Nyaya inonyanya kukosha - pfungwa dzinobva munyaya" inogona kusangana kazhinji. Nyika yakava yechitendero yakatungamirirwa, pasinei nemusiyano mukuru mukuonekwa. Asi pasinei nemazana emakore ekutsvaga vafunge, mubvunzo wekutanga wefilosofi hauna kugadziriswa zvachose. Kwaari, kana Gnosticism kana vateveri veatorikiri vaigona kupindura. Dambudziko iri rinoramba riripo kune vanofunga vasina kugadziriswa. Muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, chikoro cheWestern of philosophy chinoratidza maitiro ekuderedza kucherechedza kumutemo wepamusoro wemafungiro efilosofi. Iyo inopera zvishoma nezvishoma kukosha kwayo.

Mazano Emazuva Ano

Masayendisiti akadaro saJaspers, Camus, Heidegger, vanoti mune ramangwana dambudziko idzva refilosofi - huripo huripo - hunogona kuva hunobatsira. Uyu mubvunzo wemunhu uye kuvapo kwake, kutungamirirwa kwehupenyu hwepamweya, hukama hwemagariro evanhu, rusununguko mukusarudza, chinangwa chehupenyu, nzvimbo yake munzanga uye kunzwa kwemufaro.

Kubva pakuona kwekuvapo kwezvekuvapo, hupenyu hwevanhu ndohwechokwadi chaiye. Iyo haikwanisi kushandiswa kune zvinyengeri zvinokonzerwa nezvikonzero nemigumisiro. Hapana chinhu chisiri kunze chinesimba pamusoro pevanhu, ndizvo zvinokonzera ivo pachavo. Nokudaro, kune zvimwe zvinhu zvinotaura nezvekusununguka kwevanhu. Kuvapo ndiko kugamuchirwa kwerusununguko, iyo iyo ndiyo munhu anozvisika iye uye ndiye ane mhosva yezvose zvaanoita. Zvinonakidza kuti mune izvi zvinotanga kune kuwirirana kwechitendero nehedheni.

Kubvira kare kare munhu anoedza kuzviziva uye owana nzvimbo yake munyika yakamupoteredza. Dambudziko iri rave richifarira vafungidzi. Upenyu hwose hwemuzivi dzimwe nguva hwakaenda kunotsvaka mhinduro. Musoro wechinangwa chekuve wakabatana zvikuru nechinetso chekukosha kwevanhu. Aya mazano akabatanidzwa uye anowanzoenderana, sezvo pamwe chete anotarisana nepamusoro-soro yezvinhu zvenyika - munhu. Asi kunyange nhasi mafirosofi haagoni kupa mhinduro imwechete yakajeka uye yakarurama kumibvunzo iyi.