Subject uye informatics mabasa. Basic Dzidziso kombiyuta nesayenzi. Informatics Zvinangwa

Nyaya ino rakazvipira Kukurukura nyaya dzakadai pasi uye informatics mabasa. Asati kutamira kune nhau yavo, kutsanangura shoko rokuti, kukosha iyo inofanira vanozivikanwa zvakajeka.

Shoko "sayenzi" kutanga akazviratidza France muna 60s wekupedzisira remakore kureva nzvimbo, iyo mubasa zvoga kubudiswa ruzivo, uye anoshandisa ichi zvemagetsi makombiyuta. Izvi izwi rakaumbwa kubudikidza kwemapazi nevamwe vaviri - "Automatic" uye "mashoko". Rinoreva zvoga kubudiswa mashoko kana ane ruzivo kushandisa michina. Izvi izwi rinoenderana rokuti "kombiyuta nesayenzi" iri dzinotaura Chirungu nyika, ndicho nesayenzi kwemichina kombiyuta.

Muverengi inokurudzirwa kuti anoteverwa kukurukura nyaya dzakadai nyaya uye zvebasa nesayenzi, kudzidza nezvenhoroondo parinowanika.

Nhoroondo kwaita informatics

Tinogona kuwana kwakatangira mashoko kuchiri munguva makore anosundwa nguva. Vaifanira kuratidza uye kurangarira izvozvo zvakatungamirira emakore akawanda akapfuura kuti chidzoke kutaura, nhoroondo, kunyora. Madzibaba edu vakaedza kugadzira uye kufambisira kuvandudza nzira mashoko kuchengetwa, kubudiswa uye kuparadzira. Various uchapupu kuedza kuponesa vanhu kure apfuura akanga akawanikwa nanhasi. Izvi nzira dzakadai ivhu mahwendefa achinyora uye Birch omuti, dombo unyanzvi, uye ipapo zvinyorwa.

Muzana remakore rechi16 paiva wokudhinda. kuvamba yake vakabatsira kuwedzera kukwanisa kuchengeta uye dzinoona anodiwa ruzivo. Mashoko ari papepa, aiva nzira huru aitewo uye kuchengetwa, uye kusvikira pakati pezana remakore rechi20, vakaramba ravo kugara. Chete chete chidzoke yacho kombiyuta vangasimudzira itsva, zvikuru inoshanda nzira dzayo kuchengetwa, muunganidzwa, kuchinjwa, kubudiswa, vave akagadzira uye nenyaya kombiyuta mabasa.

The vakawanda tsananguro kombiyuta

Unogona kumupa yakawanda tsanangudzo. Izvi imhaka yaro yokusafa pakawanda nzira, siyana, zvinhu uye mabasa. Zvinotevera tsananguro "sayenzi" mafungiro ndechimwe rakajairika.

Computing inyaya mabasa evanhu dzinoitwa zvakasiyana urongwa kutendeuka ruzivo, chinozoiswa achishandisa makombiyuta, uyewo kudyidzana kwavo pamwe runoenzanirana kushandiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.

Cybernetics uye Informatics

Kazhinji pane kupesaniswa pfungwa mbiri: "cybernetics" uye "informatics". Rega tatsanangura zvakafanana dzavo uye sei vakasiyana mumwe.

Cybernetics - sayenzi vamwe huripo management, uchiita siyana hurongwa: magariro, utachiona, zvekushandisa, etc. Subject uye informatics mabasa siyanei .. It anoongorora yakakura muitiro zvisikwa uye kuchinja mashoko, anenge asina kukanganisa mhinduro matambudziko chokuita basa iwayo kana zvimwe zvinhu, sezvinoita cybernetics. Chitarisiko Its chakaiswa zvibvire nokuda kukura noruzivo rwemakombiyuta, iyo yakavakirwa payo, uye zvisingafungidziriki pasina izvozvo. Cybernetics budiriro kunoitika roga uye, kunyange zvazvo anoshandisa achishingaira nebudiriro noruzivo rwemakombiyuta, zviri hakutsamiri pavo, sezvo ari kuvaka zvivako siyana utariri womuenzaniso.

Computer nesayenzi munyika yakafara uye yakamanikana pfungwa yeshoko

Mune Mupfungwa yakazara kweshoko nesayenzi - ndiko kubatana siyana matavi nesayenzi, kugadzira zvinhu, izvo chokuita mashoko kugadzira. Uye chii rakamanikana mupfungwa? Zvinokwanisika govera zvitatu interconnected zvikamu informatics.

1. Computing somunhu kwemauto hwenyika

Wokutanga wavo - nemauto hwenyika. Mupfungwa iyi, kombiyuta rine muzvizhinji ine homogeneous yemakambani kupa siyana mubhizimisi zvinobereka software, kombiyuta Hardware uye kukura mashoko kugadzira michina. Ukoshi, specificity, zvinangwa uye mabasa ose informatics mu pfungwa iyi chinorondedzerwa nechokwadi chokuti kunoenderana kuti pamwero mukuru negoho kukura mune sectors siyana hwenyika. A-siyana mabasa pasi pose nhasi, vakapakata kushandisa michina.

2. Informatics sezvo inokosha sayenzi

Sezvo kombiyuta sainzi hwapedyo zvikuru nzira mashoko anoramba kupa siyana maitiro kuzvidzora kwakavakirwa pakombiyuta mashoko enyika. Unogona kusarudza aivapo Europe zvinotevera zvikuru tsvakurudzo nzvimbo: zvokurapa uye zvoupfumi informatics, kombiyuta revatema kugadzira, kukura samambure mamiriro, zvezvakatipoteredza informatics zvakatipoteredza uye munzanga kuchengeteka, nyanzvi mashoko enyika.

We tsanangura huru Zvinangwa kombiyuta nesayenzi inokosha. Chinangwa charo kupa wemauto ruzivo siyana mashoko enyika, uyewo achizivisa nokushanda kwavo uye kuvakwa mitemo zvavo. basa rayo sezvinotevera:

- kuongorora pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana mashoko gadziriro uye ruzivo;

- kuva maitiro sei kuti pave rutsigiro mashoko akasiyana siyana makombiyuta.

3. Zvakarurama rutivi

Achirondedzera nyaya kombiyuta wesayenzi sechinhu Zvakarurama sainzi, tinoona kuti riitwe:

- kukura siyana mashoko yokutevedzera yokukurukurirana, kushanda munzvimbo zhinji basa kwevanhu;

- kudzidza mitemo zviripo pezvakaitwa ruzivo (kuparadzirwa, kubudiswa, okuchengetera);

- kukura ruzivo uye mashoko enyika ari zvatichakurukura, uyewo kuita vanorumbidza chokuita kuti upenyu kunoita kuti siyana maitikiro (design, kugadzira, oparesheni, etc.).

The chikuru zvebasa informatics

The chikuru basa nayo ndiko kutanga maturusi uye nzira kuti mashoko kutendeuka, uyewo kuzvishandisa musangano dzakasiyana dzinotsanagura kwayo kugadzira.

Zvinotevera chikuru zvebasa kombiyuta nesayenzi:

- kudzidza mashoko pezvakaitwa, kuva chero hunhu;

- kugadzirisa engineering matambudziko esayenzi Implementation, okusika, achivimbisa kuti unyatsoshandisa zvemichina kombiyuta uye midziyo munzvimbo dzakasiyana muupenyu paruzhinji;

- kukura mashoko michina, uyewo kusikwa pahwaro migumisiro zvidzidzo mashoko siyana dzinotsanagura ano mashoko kugadzira michina.

Computing sezvo kunzwisisa chirango

Zvinofanira akati haapo pachayo. Computing - ndiyo misoro chirango (Science and Technology), nechinangwa paakasika chitsva mashoko michina uye unyanzvi. Ivo inoshandiswa kugadzirisa matambudziko mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Ari muvanhu mashoko ari kunzwisisa kwaro bhizimisi kutungamirira. Munyika mune kuitika kune kuwedzera ruzivo. It hunoenderana mberi ichi kunyanya munda zivo, kubatana kwayo somunhu sainzi, bhizimisi uye rwokugadzira.

mafomu Informatics

Information zvemichina zvino kushandiswa chaizvo munzvimbo dzakasiyana hwedu: zvesayenzi, zvebhizimisi, dzidzo uye nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda. Kudiwa zvinodhura uye zvakaoma kuedza kunotozongoita unovapo panyaya kukura nesayenzi yemazuva ano. Somuenzaniso, kukura Fusion reactors. Basa Informatics ndiko kutsiva chaiye muchina kuedza. Izvi anoponesa zvinhu zvakawanda, kunopa kugona kubata kupfuura ano nenyanzvi zvabuda. Uyezve, kuedza yakafanana kutora ndoda nguva pane chaicho. Uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo ruzivo yesayenzi (somuenzaniso, mune zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika) zviri nyore zvisingaiti kuitisa chiedzwa chaicho. Ipapo ugouya kubatsira kombiyuta nesayenzi. Kunyanya munzvimbo idzi dzose tsvakurudzo kuitwa tichibatsirwa Modelling uye kadambari kuedza.

Pakuzadzisa kombiyuta sainzi, uyewo mamwe sayenzi kunotungamirira itsva matongo uye zvayakawana. Kune mafomu matsva kuti kare zvakanga zvakaoma kufungidzira.

Communication Informatics nevamwe matavi ruzivo

Computer sainzi - wakafara nharaunda zivo yesayenzi, izvo kwakamuka panguva mharadzano sciences Zvakarurama uye dzinokosha. Sezvo chirango nesayenzi kunzwisisa kwakabatana zvinotevera nemapazi ruzivo:

- zvepfungwa uye uzivi (kuburikidza dzidziso zivo uye ruzivo pamusoro dzidziso);

- masvomhu (kuburikidza discrete masvomhu, dzidziso kwemasvomhu Modelling uye algorithms, akarongeka pfungwa);

- zviri chokuita zvemutauro kuburikidza nokudzidzisa chiratidzo gadziriro uye chepamutemo mitauro;

- cybernetics, sezvo tine dzatoona - nedzidziso yokuti management uye ruzivo;

- mumwe redhiyo engineering, zvemagetsi, kemisitiri uye wefizikisi - kuburikidza mashoko mashoko hurongwa uye kombiyuta.

Mumunda informatics sayenzi vanowa sainzi computational kuti vanodzidza nzira nenheyo sangano kadambari siyana urongwa, pasi pose uye munzvimbo kombiyuta network. Ukuwo, uyewo chinosanganisira zvishande nesayenzi, yakaitirwa chidzidzo kwevanhu mafungiro kuedza kuvandudza njere unhu makombiyuta.

Computing somunhu kwemauto hwenyika

Sezvo bazi youpfumi informatics muunganidzwa vemabhizimisi masangano, izvo aida kuti vanoshandisa basa (ruzivo), kurimwa kubudiswa zvivako, uyewo kugadzirwa kwepurogiramu software. Pane zvinoitwa achichinja kubva muindasitiri vanhu, apo zvose nechinangwa pagadzirwe uye kunwa nhumbi, kusvikira mashoko.

Nhasi, akasiyana-siyana achishandisa kombiyuta nesayenzi zvinonzi nevakawanda kushandiswa upfumi. Ivo zvinoshandiswa tsika:

- yezvokutengeserana, maindasitiri uye rwezvemabhengi utariri;

- odhita mabasa uye chizvidavirire;

- the budgetary kwacho matunhu neminisiparati uye ehurumende nemasangano;

- e-bhizimisi uye e-zvokutengeserana;

- Treasury kutarisirwa, Auktionen uye zvokutengeserana exchanges.

Economic informatics - sayenzi, iyo zvichiitirwa aumbe dzidziso Modelling basa siyana zvoupfumi masangano, matunhu neminisiparati, taura uye emunharaunda masangano. zvitarisirwa yaro pakutsvaga zvebasa upfumi. Kureva, vanofanira kupa mabhizimisi masangano, matunhu neminisiparati uye voruzhinji mabasa, uye masangano ruzivo rwokugadzira. Chii nyaya upfumi informatics? Anofanira kuwana regularities kuti zviripo date Modelling, uyewo nzira ruzivo pamusoro zvoupfumi basa masangano (emakambani) Economy uye rimwe sangano, Implementation vebasa mashoko michina.

Modelling nzira uye kudzidza zvoupfumi pezvakaitwa

Kune nzira dzakawanda Modelling uye kudzidza zvoupfumi kwendangariro. Ndivo zvose yakananga uye zvayo nesayenzi. Scientific Mabasa: kwetunhu, pachisara induction, yaanobhadhara, abstraction, fananidzo, Specification. Vose kuzarura mapatani kuti zviri kugadzikana mananara kana pezvakaitwa. Nzira dzinoshandiswa vari pfungwa mashoko ichiratidza zvoupfumi pezvakaitwa zviitiko zvakadai:

- masvomhu: deterministic, stochastic, simulation, Optimization, uye nomumbure Modelling, damerau masvomhu, akarongeka, hurongwa, factorial, regression nezvimwe Analyses;

- ruzivo-musoro machati uye Madhayagiramu, calculators, rinoonekwa uye kwezvipimo nzira yokumiririra ruzivo Rwako uye mabhizimisi kwendangariro.

Chii chinonzi kombiyuta?

Basic Dzidziso kombiyuta zvinosanganisira makombiyuta siyana, sezvo ndivo zvikuru hwokugadzira zvinoreva kushumira ayo kukurukurwa. Vanogona Classified maererano dzakasiyana-siyana zviratidzo: zvokurangana, nheyo chiito, saizi, kubudiswa simba, sangano iri computational muitiro, functionality, uye vamwe.

Kupatsanura ne chinangwa makombiyuta

Unogona kukugoverai kombiyuta zvimwe zvinangwa vari mumapoka 3 inotevera.

1. General-chinangwa (zvakasikwa). Vari zvakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa siyana hwokugadzira matambudziko: akarongeka, zvoupfumi, informational nezvimwewo, izvo zviri kusiyaniswa guru Vhoriyamu Data kuti kupatsanurwa, uyewo kunzwisisa kwakaita algorithms. Mamirire zviri makombiyuta aya ndiwo dzavo kunyatsoshanda yakakwirira, uyewo zvakasiyana-siyana mashoko kuti kupatsanurwa (hunhu, grade, binary), akasiyana-siyana kombiyuta kwacho (chaiyo, nomusoro, svomhu), hombe kukwanisa ndangariro, yakatangawo chiyamuro-goho hurongwa mashoko .

2. Boka rechipiri - dambudziko vaifarira. chinangwa kwavo kugadzirisa yakamanikana zvakawanda matambudziko anowanzoshandurwa chokuita kwesayenzi zvinhu, kuwanda, kunyoresa uye kubudiswa kushanda mashoko maduku.

3. Specialised mhinduro vakajaira rakamanikana chaizvo zvakawanda mafomu. Izvi kunoderedza mari uye kunzwisisa kuti kombiyuta yakadaro, apo kuramba akavimbika uye nani unongotaura.

ruzivo rwokugadzira

Achitsanangura dzinokosha Dzidziso kombiyuta nesayenzi, zvinokosha kutaura mashoko mashomanana pamusoro ruzivo rwokugadzira. Zviri mubatanidzwa-software chaiwo uye Hardware kuti inoshandiswa kuita zvakasiyana-siyana remapazi chokuita kubudiswa mashoko munzvimbo dzese hwedu. Information zvemichina unowanzonzi Zvakarurama Informatics rwokugadzira kombiyuta. pfungwa iyi akabva paumbwe imwe vanhu mashoko umo hwaro dzokusimukira emuchina vari ruzivo, pane tsika pfuma. Iri sainzi, ruzivo, njere kugona, sangano zvinhu, okugadzira zvinhu, danho, uye vamwe. Pfungwa iyi, zvinosuruvarisa riri saka yemubatanidzwa uye mukuru kuti nyanzvi vachiri handina kuuya kuti idzidziso pachena naro. Anobudirira zvikuru tsanangudzo nayo wakapiwa Academician Glushkov, kududzira mashoko michina somunhu-muchina michina kuchinjirwa, kubudiswa, muunganidzwa mashoko, kwakavakirwa kushandisa michina kombiyuta siyana. It kwakasimbiswa nokukurumidza uye inofukidza zvakawanda munzanga mabasa: utariri, kugadzira, dzidzo, sainzi, mushonga, mari uye rwezvemabhengi, upenyu uye vamwe.

School of Informatics Course

The chikuru Basa kuchikoro nyaya "Information" ndiko kupa Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye vanoziva kugona vadzidzi ruzivo pamusoro atendeuka pezvakaitwa kuwana, kushandiswa, okuchengetera ruzivo. On hwaro ichi, mumwe mudzidzisi sainzi kunofanira pachena basa rayo paumbwe zvesayenzi mufananidzo wenyika kuti kwakasimbiswa mumazuva iwayo, kukosha muzvigadzirwa kombiyuta uye ruzivo rwokugadzira kukura evanhu vemazuva ano. Dambudziko riripo sei kupa vadzidzi unyanzvi ouchenjeri uye vanoziva kushandisa makombiyuta nedzidzo uye zvimwe nyanzvi mabasa.

Zvinotevera nyaya vanofanira kusimbisa mudzidzisi vadzidzi nesayenzi:

- mashoko, mashoko akasiyana-siyana urongwa, uyewo mitauro ayo pasi;

- ruzivo Modelling;

- zvirongwa uye algorithmization;

- kombiyuta senzira mashoko kugadzira;

- huripo nhasi wayo mutsva mashoko kugadzira michina.

mitsetse ava pamuchinjikwa-nokuveza hunhu, kureva, pakudzidza kwavo kuitika mumatanho zvose (kubva 2nd kusvika kugiredhi rechi11). Akakamurwa zvitatu kwevari kombiyuta nesayenzi kuchikoro. Izvi siyana kufungawo makore vadzidzi, uyewo gadziriro yavo.

First pamwero - kwokutanga (kubvira 2 kusvika 6 kirasi), wechipiri - pechingoro (7 kusvika kugiredhi 9), wechitatu - nhoroondo yomunhu (10 uye 11 makirasi). Chirongwa nokuti zvidzidzo 2 kuburikidza 9 - ndiye fanira zvishoma. Chesekondari, kuitwa zvakadzama kurovedzwa kombiyuta nesayenzi pane Profiles siyana. It anotidzidzisa kuti basa nenyanzvi. Inokurukurwa muudzame akatopera shinda kudzidza zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvirongwa.

Informatics: bvunzo

Nezvenyaya iyi EGE - mumwe refu bvunzo, huchavapo maawa anenge 4. Muna 2014, shoma kupfuura mamakisi yaiva 40. The Kudzidziswa inofanira kutanga asati nezuva bvunzo, uye migumisiro yakanaka mune iyi zvicharangarirwa.

Nhovo Informatics rakakamurwa kutigumbura zvichienderana kunzwisisa kwavo. A1-A13 - inokosha pamwero mibvunzo nechisarudzo siyana mhinduro. Nokuti mumwe zvakarurama kusarudza 1 nguva Vanzveri. Engagements B1-B15 kombiyuta - ndiro zvakawedzera kunzwisisa dambudziko. Nhamba kana rokupedzisira digits ndivo mhinduro kwavari. The mabasa yakaomesesa mu kombiyuta zvesayenzi - C1-C4. Zvakakodzera kupa mhinduro dzakawanda wakakwana kwavari.

In nomumwe pachake ari bvunzo zvinangwa kombiyuta nesayenzi zvinofambidzana nzira imwe kana mumwe chete kombiyuta. Zvisinei, kugadzirisa mabasa ane chikamu C hakubvumidzwi kushandisa karukureta uye PC.