Tsika uye hupfumi. Huzivo hwehukama hwavo uye nhoroondo yekufambira mberi

Izwi rokuti "tsika" rinobva mumutauro weLatini, kureva kusimwa kwenyika, pamwe nekurera uye kubudirira. Pakutanga yaibatanidzwa nehupenyu hwemaruwa uye kushamwaridzana nemasikirwo. Kuenderera mberi kubva pane izvi zvinoreva, pfungwa yekutsika mufilosoti inoreva senzira chaiyo yekugadzirisa uye kusimbisa hupenyu hwehupenyu hwevanhu, hunomiririrwa nezvigadzirwa zvepanyama uye zvekuita basa rezvemweya, uye nzira yehumwe hutsika hwemagariro evanhu uye hutano hwemweya. Tsika inowanzonziwo sehuwandu hwehukama hwevanhu kune zvisikwa, kuvanhu uye ivo pachavo. Kuti zvive nyore, maitiro emitemo akaparadzaniswa maererano nematongerwo ematongerwo ematauriro ekubudirira - somuenzaniso, yekare, Renaissance nezvimwe zvakadaro, kubva kumapoka kana mharaunda yevanhu - nyika, madzinza kana marudzi akawanda, nyika, tsika ...

Izwi rokuti "hupfumi" rinewo chiLatini, asi, kukosha kwayo hakusi kweguruji asi yeguta, uye rinosanganiswa nemafungiro akadaro sekuva vagari venyika uye nyika. Tsika uye kubudirira mune filosofi zvinogona kunge zvichinyatsoreva - somuenzaniso, shoko rokuti "hupfumi" rinowanzoshandiswa sechirevo chechimiro chetsika. Asi, sekutonga, mupfungwa yakajeka yeshoko rekubudirira inonzi chirongwa chekusimbiswa kwevanhu, iyo inotevera "kusarura", uye inoparadzaniswa muzvikamu zvezvakaitika zvekusimudzira (kare, yekare). Tinogona kutaura kuti zvose izvi zvinyorwa zvinomiririra zviso zviviri zvemwechete.

Zvisinei, kusvikira muzana remakore rechi18, sangano rezvesayenzi rakararama pasina mazwi "tsika" uye "hupfumi". Philosophy yakavadzidzisa murayiro yakanyanyisa, uye pakutanga vaionekwa saivo. Zvisinei, pfungwa dziri pedyo nemashoko aya muchirevo, dzakagara kwenguva refu. Somuenzaniso, kuChina ivo vaitaura nezve "jen" (Confucius), muGirisi yekare - "paideia" (dzidzo), uye muRoma yekare, iyo yakakamurwa kuva mazwi maviri: "civitas" (zvakasiyana nechisimba, hupenyu) uye "humanitas" ( Dzidzo). Zvinonakidza kuti muMiddle Ages pfungwa ye civitas yakakosheswa, uye muRenaissance - humanitas. Kubvira muzana remakore rechi18, tsika yakaramba ichinyatsozivikanwa nechinangwa cheChiedza mune zvekunamata uye zvematongerwe enyika - mazano uye akawirirana mahurumende, sayenzi, unyanzvi uye chitendero. Montesquieu, Voltaire, Turgot naCororcet vakawirirana mukutonga kwekuti kukura kwechimiro kunofananidzwa nekuvandudzirwa kwechikonzero uye kuenzanisa.

Iko tsika uye kubudirira nguva dzose zvinonzwisisika zvakaonekwa nevafungidzi here? Ifiyofiyo yaJean-Jacques Rousseau, wepanguva yeChiedza, anopa mhinduro yakaipa kumubvunzo uyu. Akatenda kuti mberi kwekuti munhu anobva pane zvakasikwa, mufaro unopfuura wechokwadi uye kubatana kwepanyama maari. Uku kutsoropodza kwakakonzerawo huzivi hweGermany, avo vaikwanisa kuongorora izvi zvinopesana. Kant akakurudzira pfungwa yokuti dambudziko, kana rakanaka kana rakaipa, tsika uye hubudiriro, rinogona kugadziriswa nebatsiro re "nyika yehutsika," German romanticists Schelling naHenderlin vakaedza kuita izvi nekubatsirwa kwemaonero ekutenderera, uye Hegel aitenda kuti zvinhu zvose zvinogadziriswa mukati mefilosofi yekuzviziva kweA Absolute Mweya. Herder aidavira kuti kupesana kunowanzoenderana nehupenyu hwetsika, nokuti inokura maererano nemarudzi (Eastern, Antique, Europe), chimwe nechimwe chinosvika pakukwirira kwayo, kupfuurira kubudiriro sezvinotevera. Humboldt akaratidza kuti chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha zvemaitiro emunyika ndiyo mutauro unoumba mweya wenyika.

Zvisinei, chizvarwa chechiGermany chizivi chinowanzotaridzirwa kufambira mberi kwetsika semutambo mumwe chete, uye naizvozvo nzvimbo yaro haina kuvhara zvakasiyana-siyana izvo tsika dzese uye hupfumi hunopa. Philosophy yezana remakore reXIX (kunyanya mumunhu weNeo-Kantians Rikkert naTeber, pamwe chete nevamiririri ve "mafungiro ehupenyu") vakatsoropodza izvi. Neo-Kantians vakaziva kuti chinonyanya kukosha chetsika ndiyo nyika yenheyo iyo inoda kuti munhu aite zvakanaka, uye achinje maitiro ake. Nietzsche aipikisa rudzi rweApollonian neDionysian rwetsika, uye Dilthey - anokanganisa uye anonzwisisika, achidana yekutanga "liquefied fluid of reason". Marxism inotsvaga mumutsika uye kubudirira mune zvinyorwa uye boka revanhu (class) character.

Kubva pamagumo ezana remakore rechina rekutanga, zvakare akatanga kutora tsika kubva pane zvinyorwa zveanthropology uye ethnography (Taylor), kuongorora sarudzo yemagariro sehurongwa hwehutsika, semiotics uye chimiro chemitauro (Levi-Strauss) yakasikwa. Kwemazana emakumi maviri anozivikanwa nehutungamiri hwakafanana nehuzivi hwetsika, chimiro chaicho chaimiririrwa nezviratidzo (Cassirer), intuition (Bergson) kana archetypes (Jung). Mafirosofi emutsika, pamwe chete nevepoti vatsigiri uye vamiririri vefilosofi hermeneutics, vakaona mutsika imwe neimwe yepanyika inoreva zvinoreva zvese zvinoratidzwa pakudzidzira zviratidzo zvayo. Kunyangwe pane chigaro chinoramba pfungwa yakadaro semhando yenyika uye hupfumi. Ifilosofi yaSpengler uye Toynbee inofunga nezvehuwandu hwemitambo semuenzaniso wekusavapo mune zvinyorwa zvemitemo yose inogamuchirwa uye yepasi rose.