Pfungwa ye hydrolysis. Nhamba dzehuwandu hwehutano: nguva inonzi hydrolysis uye degree ye hydrolysis

Pasi pemvura inonzi hydrolysis ye-salt , iyo nzira yekushandura pakati pemvura mamolekemu uye mamolekoro emashizha akaputika mairi anoreva. Somugumisiro weizvi, zvinodhaka zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa. Izvo zvinogona kuitika kwete chete nekubatanidzwa kwechirasi, asiwo mune humwe humwe zvinhu zvakasanganiswa - makhahydrates, mapuroteni, mafuta kana esters. Zviyero zviviri zvinoshandiswa zvakananga kune zvakaitwa: chiyero chehydrolysis (β) uye munyu werhydrosesis (K [g]).

Somugumisiro wezvinoitika, sekutonga, shanduko mu acidity yekutanga sarudzo inoonekwa. Panzvimbo pekugadziriswa kwemvura (mvura), rudzi rwakasiyana rwekusarudza runogona kushandiswa. Zvisinei, munyaya iyi, mhinduro pakati pe solvent uye munyu inonzi solvolysis.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chete mishonga iyo yakabva kune zvigadziriswe zvigadziriswa uye acid inowanikwa mu hydrolysis. Mazamu anowanikwa kubva kune zvigaro zvakasimba uye acid, hydrolytic reaction hazvibatsiri.

Kupa chimiro chekuzara kwegadziriro yacho, tsanangudzo chaiyo inoshandiswa-chiyero che hydrolysis (β). Chiyero chehydrolysis chinogadzirisa chiyero chemazana emakemikoro anowanika hydrolysis (C [hydr]) kune yepakutanga (kutanga) kukosha kweyese yakasanganiswa munyu (C [ref]). Mathematically, izvi zvinogona kuratidzirwa nekuenzanisa kunotevera: β = C [hydr] / C [ref.].

Chiyero chekupindura zvakananga chinobva pane zvitatu zvikonzero:

- maitiro eoni, ayo munyu unogadzirwa;

- huwandu hwemashoko emunyu;

- kutonhora kwechinangwa.

Chiyero che hydrolysis chine chido chekuwedzera sezvo kugara kwekuparadzanisa kwepasina simba kana kuti asidi inopera, pamwe nekuderera muwedhi yemunyu yekuchengetedza uye kuwedzera kwekushisa.

Izvozvo zvinogona kuitika pamwero wakawanda bedzi mukuderedza mhinduro. Saka, kana uwandu hweC [H20] huri nehuwandu hunogara huchigadziriswa, zvino hunoita kuti uverengere chivako K [r] (kana kuti nguva inonzi hydrolysis). Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwezvinhu zveasiti uye nheyo inobva kune yakasikwa, hydrolysis inogona kuitika mune imwe yezvirongwa zvitatu, uye naizvozvo salrysesis munyu inowanikwa nenzira dzakasiyana.

Hydrolysis ye salt, iyo ndiyo yakabva kune asidi yakasimba uye isingarevi nheyo (imwe inonzi zita rinonzi hydrolysis ne cation)

Nguva yose inonzi hydrolysis inotsanangurwa nemhando inotevera: K [r] = K [W] / K [gwaro], apo K [W] ndiwo mugumisiro weion chibereko chemvura (C [H] + C [OH (-)]).

Inowanikwa kubva pamashoko okuti nguva dzose inonzi hydrolysis iyo iyo simba rechitsiko ichiderera, kuwedzerwa kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehydrolysis uye, nokudaro, chiyero che hydrolysis chinoonekwa. Nekudaro, chiyero che hydrolysis chine chikwata chekuwedzera nekuderera kwechigadziro chechigadziko uye chiyero chekusarudzwa kwesaini mune remhinduro. Kuwedzerwa kwehutano hwekushisa kunotungamirira kune kuwedzera mune nguva ye hydrolysis uye kuwedzera kwezinga re hydrolysis.

Hydrolysis ye salt, iyo yakabva kune imwe nheyo yakasimba uye asidi isina simba (rimwe zita rekugadzirisa iri hydrolysis na anion)

Nguva yose inonzi hydrolysis inotariswa nemhando inotevera: K [r] = K [W] / K [asidi], umo K [acid] ndiyo nguva inoparadzaniswa yeaidhi isina simba.

Hydrolysis ye salt, iyo inobva kune imwe nzvimbo isina simba uye asidi isina simba (inonziwo hydrolysis ne cation uye anion)

Muchiitiko ichi, nguva inonzi hydrolysis ichagadziriswa nehutsika hwehupenyu hwekuparadzanisa hwusina simba uye asidi isina simba. Inotaridzwa nemhando inotevera: K [r] = K [W] / K [acid] * K [gwaro].

Kukosha kwehutano hwe hydrolysis

Kugadzikana kunoitika muitiro ye hydrolysis inowanzoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemazuva ano. Semuenzaniso, izvi zvinoshandiswa kushambidza mvura kubva kune zvinokuvadza zvinokuvadza zvekoloriidal uye zvakanyatsoparadzirwa zvakatevedzana. Nokuda kweizvi, chinangwa chakakosha chesimbi uye aluminium hydroxide, chinowanikwa ne hydrolysis ye iron sulfates, iron chloride uye aluminium sulfates, zvinoshandiswa.

Hydrolysis chikamu chinokosha chekugadzirisa kwezvisikwa zvipenyu panyika. Mazhinji emasimba anodiwa pakuvapo kwemuviri anochengetwa seAdenosine triphosphate (ATP). Kusunungurwa kwesimba kunokonzerwa nehutongi hweHydlysis inosanganisira ATP.