Nzira yekuziva sei nhengo yehutano? Pamberi uye shandura polarity

Tichadzidza nhasi maitiro ekugadzirisa huwandu hwekubatana uye nei ichi chinodiwa. Tichazarura chinangwa chemuviri wehuwandu huri kuongororwa.

Chemistry uye Physics

Kamwe pane imwe nguva, dzose dzakarambidzwa kuzviongorora nyika dzakapoteredza dzakabatana nedudziro imwe. Uye nyanzvi dzenyeredzi, masayendisiti, uye biologist vaiva mafilosofi. Asi iye zvino pane kushandiswa zvakasimba kune zvikamu zveSayenzi, uye zvikoro zvikuru zviya zvinonyatsoziva izvo nyanzvi dzemasvomhu dzinoda kuziva, uye chii-kuvadzidzisi vemitauro. Zvisinei, munyaya yemakemikari nefizikiki hapana mitsara yakajeka. Kazhinji ivo vanopindirana, uye dzimwe nguva vanodzidza. Kunyanya, chirevo chekubatanidza chinhu chakakavhiringidza. Nzira yekuziva sei kana nzvimbo iyi yeruzivo yakabatana nefizikiki kana chemhemiti? Maererano nechirongwa chechimiro - kune yesayenzi yechipiri: zvino vana vechikoro vari kudzidza iyi pfungwa sechikamu chemhemist, asi pasina ruzivo rwefizikiki havagoni kuita.

Chimiro cheatomu

Kuti tinzwisise kuti tingaratidza sei kuwanda kwehukama, isu tinofanira kutanga tichiyeuka kuti atomu yakavakwa sei. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, raizivikanwa kuti atomu chero ipi zvayo haina kutora nharaunda, asi ine zvikwereti zvakasiyana mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana. Rezerfod yakasimbisa kuti pakati peatomu chero ipi zvayo inorema uye inofadza. Mutoro wekasiyamu yeatomu ndiyo nguva dzose, ndiko kuti, i +1, +2 nezvimwewo. Pasi pekasi pane nhamba yakakodzera ye electrons inoshandiswa zvisina kunaka, iyo iyo inonyatsopindirana nemhosva yenyukireya. Iko ndiko kuti, kana mhosva yekasi iri +32, makumi matatu nemaviri electronike anofanira kunge aripo. Vanogara mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakapoteredza nheyo. Electroni imwe neimwe "inopfigwa" yakakomberedza nucleus pane orbitals yayo. Chimiro chayo, chinzvimbo uye nzvimbo yakananga kune nucleus inotsanangurwa nemana mana emagetsi.

Nei chikonzero chichimuka?

Muatomu isina kutenderera iri kure kure nedzimwe zvikamu (somuenzaniso, munzvimbo yakadzika, kunze kwechigarire), ose orbitals akaenzanirana nepamusoro pepakati. Pasinei nehuwandu hwemamwe maitiro akaoma, iyo orbitals yeipi magetsi maviri haapindirani mune imwe atomu. Asi kana isu takabviswa paatomu muvharo inosangana nomumwe (somuenzaniso, inopinda gore remhepo), zvino inoda kuyanana nayo: orbitals yemasidhoni ekunze evhaini inotambanudzira kusvika kune atom inopindirana uye inosangana nayo. Pachava nehuwandu hwemagetsi egore, imwe mishonga yemakemikari uye, nokudaro, chimiro chechibvumirano. Nzira yekuziva kuti atomu inotora sei chikamu chikuru chegore rose remagetsi, tichataura zvakare.

Ndezvipi makemikari zvisungo

Zvichienderana nerudzi rwekubatana kwema molecules, musiyano mumatongerwo e-nuclei yavo uye simba rekukurumidza kunokwezva, kune marudzi anotevera emakemikari akasungwa:

• Rimwe-electron;
• Metal;
• Covalent;
• Ionic;
• Van der Waals;
• Hydrogen;
• Two-electron matatu-pakati.

Kuti abvunze kuti ungaratidza sei kuwanda kwechibvumirano mumakemikari, inofanirwa kuve yakafanana kana ionic (semuenzaniso, NaCl munyu). Nenzira yakawanda, idzi mbiri dzekubatana dzinosiyana chete nehuwandu hwemagetsi ehupenyu hunoenda kune imwe yeatomu. Kana hutano hwakasimba husiri hunoumbwa nemaatomu maviri akafanana (somuenzaniso, O ₂ ), saka nguva dzose inoratidzirwa zvishoma. Mukubatana kweionic, kuchinja kunowedzera. Zvinotendwa kuti chisungo cheionic chinotungamirira pakuumbwa kweion, sezvo imwe yeatomu "inotora" ma electrons eimwe.

Asi chaizvoizvo, hapana mazamu akazara emapolisi: ion imwe chete inokwezva magetsi akawanda gore pacharo. Zvakasimba zvokuti chikamu chakasara chekuenzanisa chinogona kuregererwa. Saka, tinotarisira zvakajeka kuti hunyoro hwehukama hwakasimba huchagadziriswa, uye hukuru hwehutano hunoita hahuna musoro. Kunyangwe mune iyi nyaya kusiyana kweizvi marudzi maviri ekubatanidza ndekufungidzirwa, muenzaniso, uye kwete chechokwadi chaiye.

Kugadzirisa polarity yekubatana

Tinotarisira kuti muverengi atoziva kuti huwandu hwekemikisheni yekushambadzira ndeyekutsauka kwekuparidzirwa munzvimbo ye general electron cloud kubva muyero imwechete. Uye kugoverwa kwekuenzanisa kune imwe yeatomu yakasara.

Nzira dzekuyera polarity

Nzira yekuziva sei nhengo yehutano? Mubvunzo uyu hausi wakananga. Kutanga, inofanira kurehwa kuti sezvo kuenzanisa kwegore re electron yeatomu yakarongwa kunopesana neyekusarerekera kwakadaro, iyo X-ray spectrum ichachinja zvakare. Nokudaro, kushanduka kwemigwagwa mumitambo ichapa pfungwa yehutano hwechibvumirano. Uye kana iwe uchida kunzwisisa maitiro ekugadzirisa hutano hwechibatanidzi mune imwe molecule zvakanyatsokodzera, haufaniri kuziva chete kubudiswa kana kuwedzerwa. Zvinotarisirwa kuziva:

• Kuyera kweatomu inobatanidzwa muhutano;
• Mhosva dzehupenyu hwavo;
• Zvisungo zvakasikwa paatomu kusati kwavapo kweizvi;
• Chii chiri chimiro chezvinhu zvose;
• Kana chirongwa chacho chiri chestalline, zvikanganiso zviripo mairi uye kuti zvinokanganisa sei zvinhu zvose.

Izvo zvinyorwa zvekubatanidzwa zvinoratidzirwa sechiratidzo chepamusoro che fomu inotevera: 0.17 + kana 0.3-. Zvakakoshawo kuyeuka kuti rudzi rumwe rweatomu ruchava nehutano hwakasiyana hwekubatana maererano nezvinhu zvakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, muOxide BeO, okisijeni ine chimiro che 0.35, uye muMgO ine chimiro che 0.42.

Ivhu rinoputika yeatomu

Muverengi anogonawo kumubvunza mubvunzo wakadaro: "Nzira yekugadzirisa sei hutachiona hwekemikirini yehutano, kana pane zvinhu zvakawanda?" Mhinduro yacho iri nyore uye yakaoma. Nhamba dzezviyero zvepulairi dzinotsanangurwa sezvinoshandiswa zvakakwana zveatomu. Ichi chinokosha mutsauko pakati pemutengo we electron inowanikwa mune imwe nzvimbo uye nzvimbo inofanana neyoyo nucleus. Pamusoro pezvose, kukosha uku kwakaringana kunoratidzira zvimwe sendimiti yegore re electron, iro rinomuka kana chikwata chemakemikari ichiumbwa. Dambudziko nderokuti hazvibviri kugona kunyatsoziva kuti nzvimbo ipi ye electron inzvimbo yakanyatsoenderana nechisungo ichi (kunyanya mumakemikoro akaoma). Saka, semuenzaniso wekuparadzaniswa kwemakemikari zvibatanidza mune ionic uye covalent bonds, masayendisiti anoshandisa kuisa nyore uye mienzaniso. Muchiitiko ichi, izvo zvinhu uye maitiro anobatsira chigumisiro hazvirevi.

Icho chirevo chepanyama chechidimbu chemuumbi

Chii chinoreva chimiro chemuviri wehutano? Ngationgororei muenzaniso umwe. IA hydrogen atomu H inosanganisira zvose mu hydrofluoric acid (HF) uye mu hydrochloric acid (HCl). Simba rayo muHF pane 0.40 +, muHCl iri 0.18+. Izvi zvinoreva kuti iyo yakawanda yemagetsi gore inonyanya kusvibiswa kune fluorine pane kuenderera kune chlorine. Izvi zvinoreva kuti sarudzo ye electromagnetic ya atomu ye fluorine yakasimba kwazvo kudarika chisarudzo chekugadzirisa kwekodhi cheatomu yeklorini.

Izvo polarity yeatomu mu molecule

Asi muverengi anofungisisa achayeuka kuti, kunze kwezvipembenene zviri nyore umo maatomu maviri aripo, panewo mamwe akaoma. Somuenzaniso, kuumba imwe sulfuric acid molecule (H ₂ SO ₄ ), maatomu maviri eodrojeni anodiwa, imwe sarufa, uye akawanda eine oxygen. Zvino mumwe mubvunzo unomuka: nzira yekuziva sei hukuru hwehutano huri mu mole molecule? Kutanga, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti chero hukama huri nehumwe hutano. Izvozvo zvinoreva kuti sulfuric acid haisi kuunganidza maatomu ose mune imwe murwi mukuru, asi chimwe chimiro. Iatomu yakakura ye sulfuri inobatanidzwa neane maatomu eokisijeni, ichiita sechimiro chemuchinjikwa. Pamativi maviri akatarisana, maatomu eokisijeni anobatana nesarufa nezvisungo zviviri. Pamwe mativi maviri, maatomu eokisijeni anonamatira sarufa nezvisungo zvakafanana uye "anobata" kune rimwe divi neHidrogen. Nokudaro, mu molecule ye sulfuric acid pane zviyano zvinotevera:

• OH;
• SO;
• S = O.

Sezvo uchitungamirirwa nehuwandu hunoti polarity imwe neimwe yezvibatanidza izvi, mumwe anogona kuwana chikuru. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kana pakuguma kweketani yakareba yeatomu kune chinhu chakasarudzwa chekugadza, saka inogona "kuvhomora" pachayo mairi emagetsi ezvisungo zvakapoteredza, zvichiwedzera kuwedzera. Mune chimiro chakaoma kupfuura ketani, zvimwe zviitiko zvinogoneka.

Sei chikafu chema molecule chakasiyana nechepfungwa yezvisungo?

Nzira yekuziva nayo chimiro chekubatana, takaudza. Chii chinoreva chimiro chechirevo chacho, takafumura. Asi aya mazwi anowanikwawo mumamwe mabhesi anotaura nezvechikamu chino chemhemist. Zvichida vaverengi vanofarira maikirwo emakemikari uye huwandu hwemakemikari anoshanda. Isu tinopindura: idzi pfungwa dzinowirirana pamwe uye hazvibviri zvakasiyana. Izvi tinoratidzira pamuenzaniso wekare wemvura.

Muma molecule H ₂ O, maviri akafanana HO zvisungo. Pakati pavo inokwana magetsi 104.45. Saka chimiro chema molecule yemvura chimwe chinhu chakafanana nehomwe mbiri yakakonzerwa ne hydrogen pamigumo. Oxygen ndiyo imwe atomu ye electronegative, iyo inozvitevera pachayo magetsi emagetsi maviri hydrogen. Nokudaro, nehutungamiri hwehutungamiri hwehutongi, mazino emakona acho anowedzera zvishoma, uye ivhu rinenge risina kunaka. Kunyoresa kunotungamirira kune chokwadi chokuti molecule yemvura ine mapuranga. Izvi zvinonzi "polarity" molecule. Nokudaro, mvura yakadaro yakasarudzwa zvakanaka, mutsauko uyu mumitemo inobvumira mamolekoro kudonhera zvishoma nezvemagetsi ezvimwe zvinhu, kuparadzanisa makristuru mumamolekoro, uye masikorole kusvika maatomu.

Kuti anzwisise kuti nei pane nharaunda mukushayikwa kwemhosva, mumwe anofanirwa kuyeuka: zvinokosha kwete chete chemakemikari yenyaya, asiwo maitiro ema molecule, mhando nemhando dzezvisungo zvinomuka mauri, kusiyana kwehutongi hutongi hweatomu hunopinda mairi.

Kunyunyuta kana kukamanikidzwa kwepfungwa

Mukuwedzera kune pariyo payo, panewo inokonzerwa kana kuti inokonzerwa nezvinhu kubva kunze. Kana iri kunze kwenyika inokonzera mashizha, iyo inonyanya kukosha kudarika simba iri mukati me molecule, zvino inogona kuchinja sarudzo ye electron clouds. Izvi zvinoreva, kana kamolekemu yeokisijeni inokwevera makore eHergenogeni muH ₂ O, uye kunze kwenyika inobatanidzwa nechisarudzo ichi, chirevo chinowedzera. Kana munda wacho uchiita sokuti unopesana neokisijeni, ipapo hutachiona hwekubatana huri kuderera zvishomanana. Zvinofanira kutariswa kuti zvinotora kuedza kwakawanda kuti nenzira imwechete kuve nehuwandu hwematokoromera, uye kunyanya-kuchinja huwandu hwekemikirini yehutano. Izvi zvinogadziriswa chete mu laboratori uye mumatambo epakati. Chimwe chevhiriji inowanzoita kuti hukuru hwemvura uye maatomu mafuta zviwedzere. Asi izvi hazvibatsiri huwandu hwekubatana nenzira ipi zvayo.

Muchiitiko ichocho ndiko kutungamirirwa kwepaularity

Maererano neshoko ratinofunga, hatikwanise kutaura kuti chii chiri pachena uye chinoshandura. Kana isu tichitaura nezvemakemikari, ipapo chirevo chinenge chiine chiratidzo kana chiratidzo chisina kumira. Izvi zvinoreva kuti atomu inopera gore rayo yemagetsi uye saka inowedzera zvishoma, kana, zvakasiyana, inokwevera gore racho pachayo uye inowana mari isina kunaka. Uye kutungamira kwepachivande kunonzwisisika chete kana iyo inofambisa, iyo iyo, kana ikozvino inopinda nepakati pemutungamiri. Sezvazvinozivikanwa, electrons vanobva kune chavanotora (vanopomerwa zvisina kunaka) kune nzvimbo yekukwezva (zvakanaka inowanikwa). Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti kune dzidziso inofanirwa kuti ma electrons anonyatsofamba nenzira ipi neipi: kubva kune chinhu chakanaka kusvika kune chakaipa. Asi kazhinji hazvina basa, kungoitika kwavo chete kunokosha. Saka, mune dzimwe nzira, somuenzaniso, kana kushambadza nsimbi zvikamu, zvinokosha kuti ndeipi chaiyo mapuranga akabatanidzwa. Nokudaro, zvinokosha kuziva kuti chidimbu chakabatana sei: zvakananga kana kune zvakasiyana. Mune dzimwe mimwe midziyo, kunyange midziyo yemumba, izvi zvinokoshawo.