Kushungurudzika inzira yakachena yezvipembenene. Mitsetse yebhakitiriya, mavairasi, fungi

Muzvinyorwa zvehupenyu, zita rakasanangurwa rakagadzirwa kuti rirondedze imwe nhengo yeumambo hwemhuka, fungi kana mbeu. Inoratidza kufanana kune imwe yemhando zvichienderana nezvinoitwa morphology uye kuonekwa. Kune mhuka, nzira yekufananidzira kune mhuka inoshandiswa zvichienderana nekwanisika yekupa mbeu inobereka panguva yekudyara. Zvisinei, izvi zvinowanzoshandiswa chete kune zvipenyu, asi zvipembenene hazvigoni kuiswa nenzira iyi.

Iko pfungwa yechinetso mune microbiology

Pamusana pekuvapo kwenhamba yakawanda yezvipenyu zvine morphological properties, asi zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupenyu uye hutachiona, hazvibviri kushandisa mazita ekuremekedza ekutumidza mazita. Somugumisiro, pfungwa yakadai sedambudziko inotangwa. Iyi ndiyo tsika yakachena yemakemikari, iyo yaive yakakwanisa kuisa mukana uye kuparadzanisa pane imwe nzvimbo pane imwe nguva.

Chigadziko chimwe nechimwe, chakafanana nechinetso chakafanana, chakafanana nechimwe chimiro chezvinhu zvipenyu, morphological, immunological uye genetic criteria. Asi mukati memiganhu yebhakitiriya imwe yemhando yekufananidza kwakadaro haisi kuonekwa. Nokudaro, dambudziko racho rinonyanya kushandura zita remakiromita. Nokuti kushandiswa kwakakurumidza kwemajini (mutation) kunounza kuonekwa kwezvisikwa zvitsva mukati mezvipenyu, asi nezvimwe zvinhu, ndiyo inotsanangurwa iyo inobvumira zvakanyatsorondedzerwa kuratidza maitiro ehutachiona uye hutachiona.

Matambudziko ebhakitiriya

Nhamba yekare yebhakitiriya inotitendera kuisa zvipenyu zvezvisikwa, asi hazvizivikanise zvitsva. Iyo yekupedzisira inoonekwa nekuda kwekuchinja kwekukurumidzira, kuwana zvitsva, zvinosanganisira pathogenic kuvanhu, zvipfuwo zvepurazi nemiti, pamwe nezvimwe zvipukanana. Muenzaniso wezita rokuti nomenclature nemuenzaniso weE E. coli ndeyotevera: umambo ibhakitiriya, rudzi rweproteobacteria, kirasi ye gamma proteobacteria, urongwa ndiEngobacteriales, mhuri ye enterobacteria. Icho chinonzi Escherichia, uye iyo mhuka ndiyo Escherichia colli. Zvisinei, kune tsika dzakawanda dzebhakitiriya yemarudzi eEscherichia colli, kuratidza zvinhu zvakasiyana. Vanenge vari voga mumatambudziko akasiyana emabhakitiriya uye vane rimwe zita. Somuenzaniso, Escherichia colli O157: H7.

IE coli pachayo inowanikwa mumukati wevanhu uye haibvumiri chirwere, asi kunetseka O157: H7 inonyanyisa pathogenic nekuda kwehupo hwehuwandu hwehutachiona. Yakaratidza denda rezvirwere zvinotyisa mumakore mashanu apfuura.

Viral zvinetso

Izwi rokuti kushungurudzwa ndiro zita rakashandura kune zvisikwa zvine zvimwechetezvo izvo zvakange zvakasarudzwa uye zvichitsanangurwa uye zvinotsanangurwa mune imwe nzvimbo munzvimbo imwe nguva. Nekwakararama kwayo, hutachiwana hunogona kuwana zvinhu zvitsva nekuda kwechirwere chekare. Izvo zvichaita hutachiona hutsva, zvichida kupfuura pathogenic kupfuura baba vavo.

Fungidzira kufungidzira kwematambudziko matsva anokonzerwa nemuenzaniso wehutachiona hwehutachiona. Iyo ndeyomhuri ye orthomixoviruses uye inonzi inodaro nemaantigens (hemagglutinins neuraminidase) HxNy. X uye Y nhamba dzenhamba dzinoratidza kuvapo kweantigens. Muenzaniso - H5N1, inozivikanwa nekuda kwechirwere chemazuva ano chenguruve nekukurumidza kufambira mberi kwechirwere chepineumonia. Maererano nedzidziso yacho, dambudziko idzva uye rinotyisa rinogona kukura kubva pamatambudziko aya nekuda kwechirwere chechirwere chekare.

Fungal strains uye protista strains

Pakati pemakemikari ose, fungi ndiyo inoshanduka, kunyange zvazvo biochemistry yavo yakaomawo. Pamusana pehutano hwakaoma kupfuura mabhakitiriya uye mavairusi, uyewo nekuda kwekushayikwa kwemagadzirirwo ekutsvaga kwemajini, nhamba yezvitsva zvitsva zvinowedzera zvishoma. Pano panewo maonero ekuti chero mutsva mutsva inowanika inowanikwa fungal isati yavapo izvo zvisingambowaniki kune vatsvakurudzi.

Mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana aripo munzvimbo yevaprotisti. Kugona kwavo kuchinja kunenge kwakaderera, saka mukana wekuti matambudziko matsva achaonekwa nokukurumidza ishoma zvikuru. Zvisinei, zvitsva zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvipenyu zvemarudzi akafanana achiri kuonekwa. Nokudaro, zviri pachena, ivo vakagarawo kare, asi havana kuwanikwa.