NPP: nheyo kushanda uye mudziyo. Nhoroondo renyukireya simba chirimwa

Muzana remakore nemakore maviri, yakanakisisa mupfungwa vanhu vave vachishanda nesimba pamusoro mabasa maviri pakarepo pamusoro pakusikwa mabhomba bhomba, uye sei unogona kushandisa mabhomba simba chinangwa chokuunza runyararo. Saizvozvo akazviratidza yokutanga simba renyukireya zvirimwa munyika. Chii nheyo renyukireya nesimba chirimwa? Uye apo munyika ndivo kupfuura miti izvi?

History uye zvinoitwa simba renyukireya

"Energy - musoro zvose" - saka unogona kupfupisa yakakurumbira shoko, akapa chinangwa chaizvoizvo ari XXI remakore. Mumwe mutsva ose muzvigadzirwa mberi kwevanhu anofanira zvakawanda pamusoro nhamba yacho. Nhasi, nesimba iri "atomu rugare" iri zvinowanzoshandiswa upfumi uye kugadzirwa, uye kwete simba zvekutepfenyura.

The magetsi zvinoberekwa inonzi NPP (nheyo chiri nyore kwazvo ayo chaizvoizvo), zvinowanzoshandiswa indasitiri, nzvimbo ubanguranyika, mushonga uye kurima.

Renyukireya anonzi rinorema indasitiri, izvo zvakabviswa kupisa uye magetsi kubva kuna kinetic simba pamusoro atomu.

Kana akazviratidza yokutanga renyukireya simba chirimwa? Nheyo kushanda nesimba zvakadaro, masayendisiti Soviet vakadzidza kare 40s. Panzira, kuenderana uye naivowo akazogadzira yokutanga mabhomba bhomba. Nokudaro atomu aiva panguva uye "rugare", uye zvinouraya.

Muna 1948 I. V. Kurchatov akataura kuti hurumende yeSoviet vakatanga kuita pakarepo basa dzokubudisa zvenyukireya simba. Makore maviri gare gare, muna Soviet Union (mu Obninsk) anotanga kuvakwa wokutanga simba renyukireya chirimwa panyika.

Nheyo kushanda simba renyukireya zvinomera akafanana, asi vanonzwisisa zviri nyore. Izvi huchakurukurwa.

NPP: mashandiro (mufananidzo uye tsananguro)

Kushanda chero simba renyukireya chirimwa ane maitiro simba kunoitika apo fission renyukireya ane atomu. In iyi, kazhinji chokuita emaatomu ezvinhu uranium exchange-235 kana plutonium. Kernel maatomu runoparadzanisa Nyuturoni kupinda mairi kubva kunze. Izvi zvinoita kuti tibvunze kuti neutrons itsva uye fission zvimedu, vane kukuru kinetic simba. Just simba ichi uye ndiyo huru uye kiyi chigadzirwa mabasa chero simba renyukireya chirimwa

Saka zvinoita kutsanangura musimboti kushanda simba renyukireya reactor. Munyaya inotevera Photo unogona kuona kuti anotarisa kubva mukati.

Kune zvitatu marudzi inokosha zvenyukireya reactors:

• uwane yakakwirira simba reactor (rakapfupikiswa - RBMK);
• mvura-mvura reactor (PWR);
• Kutsanya mwene reactor (BN).

Yoga zvakafanira kutsanangura musimboti kushanda NPP rose. Kuti mashoko sei akunoita ichakurukurwa munyaya inotevera.

The kushanda nhungamiro NPP (zano)

Nuclear simba chirimwa ukashanda pasi zvimwe zvinhu uye mamiriro ezvinhu zvachose kunorondedzerwa. Kuwedzera kune reactor yenyukireya (imwe kana kupfuura), mu mamiriro yenyukireya uye inosanganisira vamwe hurongwa, inokosha zvivako uye mudonzvo zvikuru vanokwanisa. Chii nheyo renyukireya nesimba chirimwa? Muchidimbu inogona kurondedzerwa sezvinotevera.

The chikuru chinhu chipi yenyukireya - mumwe reactor kwenyukireya umo pane zvose dzinokosha kwendangariro. About chii chiri kuitika reactor, isu akanyora yapfuura chikamu. Nuclear mafuta (kazhinji, kakawanda zviri uranium exchange) muchimiro pellets duku matema uchaguta muhari huru.

The simba akabudiswa panguva siyana kuitika mune reactor yenyukireya, iri dzikwanise kupisa uye hwakatamisirwa coolant (kazhinji, mvura). Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nokupisa kutapurirana svikiro iri kwacho uye anogamuchira mumwe dose nemwaranzi.

Uyezve, kupisa kubva coolant iri kune vanhuwo mvura (achishandisa anokosha mano - Coils), izvo somugumisiro rokukwatisa. Water mhute saka riri kuumbwa, rotates ari turbine. Zvapedzisira jenareta kunofambidzana, uye izvo zvinowanisa magetsi simba.

Saka, nheyo kushanda NPP - ndizvo chete chafariz simba chirimwa. Musiyano chete ari sei nzira zvinowanisa chiutsi.

Jogirafi zvenyukireya simba

The pamusoro nyika shanu nokuda pagadzirwe renyukireya riri sezvinotevera:

1. US.
2. France.
3. Japan.
4. Russia.
5. South Korea.

Panyaya iyi, United States, ichibereka pagore anenge mabhiriyoni 864 kWh, ichibereka kusvika 20% of nyika kuti magetsi.

munyika 31 nhengo inoti zvose kushanda renyukireya simba paredhiyo. maviri chete (Antarctica uye Australia) vari zvachose isina renyukireya kubva zvose makondinendi panyika.

To musi, 388 zvenyukireya reactors kushanda munyika. Zvisinei, 45 vavo vatova hafu yegore hazvirevi vaunze magetsi. Vazhinji renyukireya reactors yaiva Japan uye muUnited States. Pedzisa jogirafi wavo dzaitaurwa zvinotevera mepu. Green rinomiririra nyika pamwe huripo zvenyukireya reactors, vakapiwa nhamba yavo neimwe State.

Kukura simba renyukireya munyika dzakasiyana

Yose zvayo, vachimuenzanisa 2014 kukura renyukireya pane vakawanda kuderera. Vatungamiriri pakuvaka reactors zvitsva zvenyukireya ndivo nyika nhatu dziri Russia, India uye China. Uyezve, vakawanda rinoti havana simba renyukireya miti, kuronga kuvaka navo mune ramangwana. Kune vaya vanosanganisira Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia uye dzinoverengeka North African nyika.

Ukuwo, vakawanda States atanga zvishoma nezvishoma zvinoderedza uwandu simba renyukireya zvinomera. Izvi zvinosanganisira Germany, Belgium uye Switzerland. Uye mune dzimwe nyika (Italy, Austria, Denmark, Uruguay) simba renyukireya riri richirambidzwa panguva zvemitemo chechetere.

Matambudziko chikuru simba renyukireya

With kukura renyukireya inobatanidzwa dambudziko chinokosha zvakatipoteredza. Izvi anonzi chafariz kusvibiswa. Saka, muna zvinofungwa nyanzvi dzakawanda, renyukireya simba chirimwa rumwe kupisa pane imwe inogona chafariz simba zvinomera. Zvikurukuru ngozi kuti vakuchidzire kusvibiswa mvura kuti anotyora chaivo ezvinhu ose oupenyu zvoutachiona zvipenyu uye inotungamirira kurufu zhinji kwemarudzi hove.

Chimwe chinetso chenjera chokuita renyukireya, renyukireya kuchengeteka nezvokunetseka zvavo. Kokutanga vanhu anofanira kufungisisa dambudziko mushure paChernobyl njodzi muna 1986. Nheyo paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa oparesheni hakusi akasiyana zvikuru nevamwe zvirimwa simba renyukireya. Zvisinei, izvozvo hazvina kumurwira kubva guru uye tsaona yakaipisisa, izvo zvakakonzera chaizvo migumisiro yose Eastern Europe.

Uyezve, mukana simba renyukireya haagarimo tsaona nevanhu. Saka, pane matambudziko makuru pamwe tsvina yenyukireya.

Zvakanakira simba renyukireya

Kunyange zvakadaro, vatsigiri simba renyukireya dzinonzi uye akasiyana zvakanakira simba renyukireya zvinomera. Kunyanya, Nuclear Association World richangobva kubudiswa guhu rahwo anonakidza zvikuru mashoko. Maererano naye, nhamba yokusagadzikana pematanho kugadzirwa imwe gigawatt zvenyukireya simba chizvarwa, 43 nguva duku pane kwakajairika chafariz simba miti.

Kune dzimwe, hapana kudukupiswa, makomborero. zvinoti:

• cheapness kuti kugadzirwa magetsi;
• zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza kuchena renyukireya (kunze chafariz kusvibiswa);
• kushaya zvachose georeferencing zvenyukireya simba miti mikuru mafuta zvinyorwa.

pachinzvimbo mhedziso

nyika yokutanga simba renyukireya chirimwa yakavakwa muna 1950. Nheyo kushanda simba renyukireya miti ndiyo weboka atomu tichibatsirwa Nyuturoni. rakawanda chaizvo simba yakabudiswa izvi.

Zvaizoratidza sokuti simba kuti zvenyukireya - imwe kubatsirwa oga kuti vanhu. Zvisinei, nhoroondo vaudzewo zvimwe. Zvikurukuru miviri chikuru nhamo - tsaona at Soviet paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa muna 1986 uye tsaona panguva Japanese simba chirimwa Fukushima-1 muna 2011 - akaratidza ngozi chinokonzerwa atomu "rugare". Uye nyika dzepasi nhasi vakawanda, vakatanga kufunga zvishomanana kana kunyange kwakakwana Kuramba simba renyukireya.