Reserves of Russian Federation uye inzwi ravo International

Mune zvematongerwo enyika uye mari mamiriro ezvinhu munyika iri munyika yose Danho inoita basa rinokosha dzakawanda reserves. Russia, mu pfungwa iyi inoitwa kugadzikana mune pamusoro gumi, kunyange zvazvo zvakananga kuvimba kuti reserves pamusoro mafuta mutengo.

Kutsunga reserves goridhe

Gold uye vatorwa mari, kana sezvo dzinonzi, dzakawanda reserves (GCR) - nehurumende iyi yesangano, vane yakakwirira mwero liquidity uye zvinodzorwa ne huru mari mapazi. Kazhinji, nomuviri wakadaro ndiye Central Bank. Standard reserves goridhe zvinofungidzirwa nendarama mari uye dzimwe mari, unonzi negadziriro yeparutivi. Pari, vaviri chete mari idzi - US dhora uye euro. Mukuwedzera, Zvinoumba reserves dzakawanda dzinosanganisira chaiyo kudhirowa kodzero, kana SDR (Special Drawing Rights), nekanzuru International Monetary Fund, uye kuchengeterwa zvinzvimbo IMF.

ReRussia dzakawanda reserves zvinosanganisira zvose zvinoriumba.

yokuronga patsva reserves

On mari nemasangano akasiyana nhasi apo zvakasiyana-siyana uye yakakura njere kupfuura zvayaive kare. Naizvozvo, zvinoumba mari ehurumende reserves vari nezvahunoreva okunze. Foreign mari Nhoroondo havasi chete mari munyika kuchengeterwa mari chikwata. Ivowo zvinosanganisira deposits, kusanganisira zvikwereti goridhe pasi neizvi yokudzikinura zvibvumirano, yakagadzirirwa muna Central Bank, iri Bank for International nemisha, uyewo yezvokutengeserana mabhanga dzakakwirira chikwereti ratings maererano nezvinodiwa dzakawanda S & P Rating masangano, Moody uye Fitch Ratings.

Nokuti ichi mhando reserves nazvo uye chikwereti kuchengetedzeka izvo wakabudiswa makambani vatorwa. Chepamusoro rakapa kuchengetedzeka vanofanira dzakakwirira nokuda tsika dzakawanda kureva masangano S & P, Moody uye Fitch Ratings. The nemamiriro reserves goridhe Panewo kuchengetedzeka Kutamiswa sezvo chikwereti.

International kuunganidza dzimwe Matura akashandurirwa US madhora ari mukuru Exchange.

The International Monetary Fund sezvo chikamu reserves goridhe

By chakagadzirwa kuchengeterwa uye achishandisa muripo vari Special Drawing Rights, kana Special Drawing Rights. chokushandisa ichi anosunungurwa IMF (IMF) haana mari chimiro, i.e. inomirira chete pamahombekombe nhoroondo zvinyorwa. Unozvitaura chete mukati Fund uye rinoshandiswa swatanudza pakuenzanisa vachibhadhara, kufukidza dhefisiti uye zvikwereti mitoro. SDR haana zvinoitwa chero chikwereti kana mari.

chokushandisa ichi akazviratidza muna 1969 nechinangwa kuti neutralize ari Triffin dambudziko, akaratidza kupokanidzana Bretton Woods mamiriro sangano usapinde noukama uye Masvomhu pakati penyika mbiri. Controversy akasimuka kudhumhana National hunhu kuchengeterwa mari zvayo dzakawanda unongotaura.

Reserve chinzvimbo IMF inosanganisira negadziriro yeparutivi uye mugove zvikwereti. Zvakawandisa mari nerubatsiro quotas pamusoro mari iri Fund panguva State webato nyaya, yainzi negadziriro yeparutivi mugove. Saizvozvowo, mugove chikwereti unokubvumira kutenga IMF mari zvinopfuura Reserve tranche.

chinyakare goridhe

Chokwadi, maumbirwo dzakawanda matura yeRussian Federation, uye zvinosanganisira Holdings zvendarama mari, kureva, huripo mumuviri. Pakutanga, reserves goridhe akaumbwa kuti nyika dzeEurope. Kubvira 1937, kuRussia Ruble akanga pegged kuti dhora. Zvisinei, pashure pehondo muSoviet Union akatanga nokukurumidza kuwana tichimhanya goridhe maindasitiri, nerimwe gore nehwemweya nendarama papfuma yakawedzera 100 matani. Muna 1950, Stalin akasarudza kubvisa Ruble mbambo kuti dhora uye akaisa ndarama zviri National mari Soviet Union. Makore maviri gare gare, Stalin akaisa mberi pfungwa pakusika imwe nzira dhora musika. Asi pfungwa haana nguva ezvidzidzo. Pakafa Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev akasarudza aifarira-Western nzira okukura. Nechokwadi rubles goridhe mutungamiri Soviet akasarangarira rwaikurumidza kuuya uye kuRussia kuti mari mbambo kuti US dhora.

The US Dhora yakanga kunotsigirwa nendarama kusvikira 1971, apo President Richard Nixon rinoziviswa kudzimwa ndarama Achibatsirwa dhora. Pakazosvika nguva mamiriro reserves ndarama yacho dzakawira nhoroondo 9,83 ths. Matani kubva 21.8 zviuru. Matani muna 1949. Just ipapo paiva dzakawanda mari musika pamwe zvinoyangarara Exchange. The musika kunoratidzwa wakasununguka musika ezvinhu. Kunyange zvazvo zviri pamutemo kuti dhora uye pondo wounhu vakarasikirwa mamiriro avo sezvo Reserve mari, US Dollar haasi chete vakachengetedzwa, asiwo nepaunogona napo achisimbisa chinzvimbo chacho.

Kokupedzisira US reserves goridhe vakanga pasi zvizere odhita muna 1953. Muchengete inochengetwa mana okuchengetera. Kuwedzera US muchivigiro Nehunde munyika zvinochengeterwa matura zvesimbi anokosha dzinenge 60 inotaura. Nhamba chizvarwa uye dzimwe reserves akavanzwa, achipa pave tichiregeredza yakawanda makuhwa.

Red Gold Russia

Maererano akazaruka zvinyorwa, Russia neInternational reserves kwakaita nhasi zvine matani 1238 endarama. Maererano paakati iyi, Russian Federation pamutemo rakava wechitanhatu munyika. The mugove chendarama yaipedzerwa reserves ndarama 12%. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti pamberi World War Chokutanga, Russian Empire aiva mumwe nyika guru goridhe vhoriyamu - 1.4 zviuru matani .. World uye hondo wakaparadza chefuma zvakaipa - ne 1928 pakanga matani 150 chete. In paitonga Stalin iyoyo, Treasury zvakare "kuzvimba" uye raiva 2,5 zviuru. Matani ne 1953. Asi zvino reserves goridhe chete kunoderedza, asi guru, vhoriyamu dzayo vakatengesa kwose, Nikita Khrushchev. Muna 1991, vamiririri vatungamiriri munyika vakazivisa kuti Soviet nhaka yezvizvarwa vakasara matani 290 chete anokosha simbi.

Russian reserves negoridhe huviri disproportionately. Vazhinji izvo neKomisheni Central Bank mu zano hurumende yeRussia, izvozvo anochengeterwa zvakananga Bank of Russia. Chikamu chechipiri iri State Fund kuti simbi dzinokosha uye mabwe anokosha pamusoro Russian Federation, kusarudza mari uye kuzadziswa chikamu chino yeparutivi rakatorwa President uye Government zvakananga.

The simba pamusoro reserves goridhe

Mumatanda yellow anokosha simbi, akabatanidza dzemarudzi matura yeRussian Federation, pakutanga 2014, nyanzvi vanofungidzirwa mabhiriyoni 40 emadhora. Kunyange zvazvo panguva 2013 Central Bank nokushingaira vawana goridhe pamusoro musika wokuRussia Zvisinei, maererano nokufungidzira kuti vaongorori, kukosha inokosha simbi ikaurawa mabhiriyoni 11 emadhora. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti pakupera 2013 padanho goridhe dzakawira 7.8%, akabatanidza zvachose Vhoriyamu dzakawanda reserves of Russian Federation. Mugove yokumwe mari chezvinonhuwira mudengu wacho wakaderedzwa kusvika 92,2% pakutanga gore rapera.

Vanoongorora vanoti kubva pakutanga kwegore rino, musimboti bhengi akaramba kuwedzera reserves ndarama reserves goridhe, kuwedzera ayo vhoriyamu katatu. Ndarira iri kujairika ari pamusika goridhe, nyanzvi yokumwe kunoratidza kuti ichi kushaya chivimbo kuti US mari akasunda Central Bank of Russian Federation nokuda kuritenga.

Oiri - hwaro Russian reserves goridhe

National "Potbelly" razero kukura rakatanga mumakore remakore rechi21. reserves of Russian Federation International yakawedzera kusvetuka uye miganhu nokuvonga yakakwirira mitengo kuti Mahydrocarbon kusvikira dambudziko ra2008. Pakazosvika nguva vakasvika $ 600 billion. Kuti tirambe takatsiga munyika kubva pakutanga dambudziko, yakanga akasika National Welfare Fund. ReRussia dzakawanda reserves zvazova zvemari Contributor kuti mamiriro matsva. Izvi chaitadzisa zvakakomba dambudziko, asi bhuku reserves goridhe akaramba. Chete mid-2013 zvakanga akakwanisa ovadzorera - kusvika mabhiriyoni 533 rubles.

Muchirimo rapera gore, zvinhu zvakatanga kuchinja zvinoshamisa. Boycott kunyika kuWestern Europe uye United States nokuda kubatana muchirimo rapera, muCrimea kuRussia, mukuwedzera, unopinza donhwe mitengo mafuta, kuderedza munyika mari, kutsigira Ruble, zvirango uye kontrsanktsii - izvi zvose yazova kwakaoma zvikuru nokuti Russian zvoupfumi uye vakasagona asingachengeti kuchinja mamiriro nehwemweya goridhe. Pakazosvika pakati gore ivo akaramba mumwe wechitatu - kusvika bhiriyoni 382 emadhora, iyo mabhiriyoni 12 dzaiva IMF kubhadhara. Kuwa mberi rose gore uye pakutanga kwegore rino, dzakawanda reserves of Russian Federation zvasvika kushoma muna 2007 - mabhiriyoni 374,7 emadhora. Pakutanga May, nezvadzo vakasvika 358.5, bhiriyoni.