Peaceful atomu: a photo, chiratidzo. Zvinogona rugare atomu? Pane yemberi nokuda rugare atomu?

Panoperera Yechipiri World War pamusoro Japanese maguta paHiroshima neNagasaki, maviri enyukireya vakanga akadonhedza. The chombo mutsva chainyanya zvinouraya munhoroondo yevanhu. Kwakatevedzana zvombo zvenyukireya rudzi pakati Soviet Union uye United States kwaita kutya dzemarudzi munharaunda kuti renyukireya chinhu. Zvisinei, kuwedzera pane zvenyukireya warheads, uye paiva norugare atomu. By kuti rokuti zvinoreva simba renyukireya.

Nheyo kwomudzimu NPP

Kushanda chero kuita renyukireya ndiro fission yacho atomu. To kwayo chikonzero, zvakakodzera kuchengeta Nyuturoni bombardment kuti uranium exchange-235 nuclei. The duku nezvimedu vari rakakamurwa zvimedu, nokudaro pave rakawanda wegamma-mwaranzi nokupisa.

Peaceful atomu anogona kuramba rugare chete pasi kunyatsoteerera kuzvidzora, kunofanira nokuti NPP. Chokwadi ndechokuti zviri fission neutrons inomuka kuti asike itsva cheni zvavaifunga. Dzisingadzorwi uchambundikira nuclei kunotungamirira kune kuputika. Pfungwa iyi irimo kushanda mabhomba mabhomba. Power miti raitungamirwa chete muitiro, uye zvakawandisa simba chinotungamirwa kuva rinokosha mukoto vanhu.

Uranium exchange-235

Nuclear mafuta asati kushandiswa anoiswa mukati chaiyo maari. It anochengeterwa muchimiro pellets zvakagadzirwa uranium exchange oxide. Zvinofanira kunzwisiswa kuti fuma iyi haisi yunifomu. 3% mahwendefa kwakadaro kunosanganisira uranium exchange-235 (kana zvakaitwa inokamukana rimwe), uye kuramba sezvo 238 (isotope ichi haisi yakakamurwa).

Nei tichifanira kuva ukama hwakadaro? Kuti uchengete muitiro pasi pesimba. Kushanda fission reactor rinotanga kuita. Nokufamba ayo kukura uranium exchange-235 ipfupi. Panguva imwe cheteyo, izvozvo anowedzera uwandu fission zvigadzirwa. tsvina ichi zvenyukireya. Ivo kukuisa ngozi kwezvakatipoteredza, naizvozvo, anofanira kuraswa zvakanaka. Zvinogona rugare atomu? Sezvinoonekwa kubva zvinorondedzerwa zvigadzirwa, chete kana takanyatsoomerera mitemo uye gwaro kugadzirwa.

MARARAMIRO chitarisiko

Zvenyukireya (mabhomba) simba dzakatangira pezana XX remakore. Kubvira ipapo, mazana simba renyukireya zvirimwa (pari unoshanda 442) dzakavakwa munyika. Peaceful atomu rinopa inopfuura hafu simba rinodiwa muFrance, Poland, Lithuania, Slovakia, Sweden uye South Korea. In Western Europe, renyukireya simba miti chamutsa anenge mumwe pavatatu magetsi.

Zvakangotanga akatanga muna 1939, apo uranium exchange fission sezvayakawanikwa muGermany. Kutsvakurudza German anofarira chaizvo muna USSR. Masayendisiti kamwe zvakava pachena kuti chete pachena muitiro unobvumira hombe yakawanda simba. Kana nyanzvi akakwanisa kudzidza kudzora zvakaoma kuita, zvingava kugadzirisa zvakawanda nezvinetso zvemari. The Soviet matsvaka chokuita rugare atomu, yakaitirwa RIAN (Radium Institute of Academy of Sciences) pasi utungamiriri inozvikudza yefizikisi Igor Kurchatov.

The rudzi yenyukireya

Basa masayendisiti Soviet kudziviswa nokuda kwokushayikwa kwezvibereko USSR pachake matura uranium exchange. Mukuwedzera, muna 1941, Mukuru Patriotic Hondo uye echimurenga zvakawanwa vaifanira kukanganwa. Against ichi nechekumashure, musoro wenyaya akanga intercepted muna UK, USA uye Germany. Gangaidzo iri chokwadi kuti simba renyukireya akaita yakabuda sezvo nhungirwa kubva militarist chirongwa. Chokwadi, nyika akarwa pakutanga kuedza kuwana chombo simba kupfuura, uye ipapo kufunga nezvenzira rugare kushandisa zvakawanwa dzavo.

reactor Yokutanga experimental yenyukireya kwakatangwa muna US muna December 1942. Project mutungamiri ndiye musayendisiti wokuItaly Enrico Fermi. Mune USSR, wokutanga reactor akazviratidza mukupera 1946 muna Institute of Atomic Energy. Panguva iyi akatora US kubhomba pamusoro paHiroshima neNagasaki. MuSoviet Union akasika mabhomba bhomba 1949, uye rehydrogen - muna 1953. Hondo pamusoro, uye masayendisiti vakatanga kugadzirira reactor yenyukireya kumhanya National upfumi Soviet Union.

NPP Construction

Yokutanga renyukireya simba chirimwa munyika kwakatangwa muzhizha 1954 gore. Yaiva Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant, riri munzvimbo Kaluga mudunhu. MuUnited States zvishoma mukupera uye akatanga kushandisa imwe mabhomba simba chirongwa. Muna 1956, vanhu vokuAmerica kokutanga akabudirira kushandisa reactor kuwana magetsi. Zvishoma nezvishoma, nyika mbiri dzine yakavakirwa simba renyukireya zvitsva zvirimwa. Mumwe nomumwe wavo vakarova mumwe rekodhi simba.

Yepamusoro kukura simba renyukireya vakauya yechipiri yezana kuma1960. Zvadaro, uwandu renyukireya simba chirimwa rokuvaka rakatanga kuderera. Muna US Congress uye vezvesayenzi ratanga nhaurirano pamusoro nyaya chokuita yakachengeteka ine rugare atomu. Kunyange zvakadaro, pakazosvika 1986 magetsi kurimwa panguva renyukireya simba miti yakasvika chiratidzo 15% bhuku zvinoberekwa kwakajairika simba miti.

simba renyukireya chiratidzo

Muna 1958 iri kweBrussels, izvo maiva nomumwe Wenyika Fair, akazarura Atomium. Above magadzirirwo pfungwa murongedzeri Andre Vaterkeyner. Atomium anotarira sezvo yakawedzera simbi sekristaro yekamuri pfumbamwe maatomu chokuita pamwe chete. Structural uremu - matani 2,400, uye kukwirira ndiyo 102 metres. Visitors kuwana muna matanhatu pfumbamwe mabhora. Izvi mhando maatomu akakudza bhiriyoni zana, zvakabatana vakataurirana pombi 23-mita maviri. Inside navo ndivo corridors uye escalators.

Photo of "atomu rugare", yakabuda kweBrussels, pakati renyukireya yaitonga, akakurumidza kupararira pasi pose, uye Atomium akava chiratidzo renyukireya yose uye pfungwa yokuti echimurenga zvinowanikwa nesayenzi inofanira kushandiswa kubatsira vanhu, kwete kuti hondo nokuparadzwa. ZveBelgium nzvimbo kukwezvwa anotaurwa yokufungidzira kubudikidza akakurumbira Soviet renyaya vanyori Strugatsky hama "Monday rinotanga Saturday". rugare atomu chiratidzo anozviratidza panzvimbo vanodhirowa, uyewo mapepa, vakazvipira renyukireya.

kwezvakatipoteredza chinhu

Dambudziko kwezvakatipoteredza kusvibiswa nevanhu radioactive matongo kukosha ose gore. Somuenzaniso, mune ano Russian rugare atomu vaiita nomudonzvo 10 simba renyukireya miti. emakambani zvose izvi zvinoda ngwariro chaiyo masangano zvezvakatipoteredza uye hurumende.

Muna European Union rimwe gore rinoungana 50 zviuru cubic metres mwaranzi. Chinokosha dambudziko riri pakuti tsvina yakadaro inoramba ngozi zvemakore (Somuenzaniso, imwe nguva kuora kuti plutonium-239 makore 24,000).

Tsvina

Nhasi, pane pfungwa dzakawanda sei zvakanakisisa kubvisa tsvina yenyukireya. Pfungwa yokutanga kuumba repositories dziri pazasi munyanza. Zvakaoma chinozoiswa nzira. Containers vanofanira kuva pane imwe yakawanda kudzika, mukuwedzera, vanogona kukuvadza gungwa ano.

Pfungwa yechipiri runoonekwa kuna NASA, izvo zvipiriso kutumira tsvina zvenyukireya muchadenga. Nzira yakadaro wakachengeteka nokuda Earth, asi hwakazara kunyanya mari. Kune dzimwe pfungwa: kuti Export tsvina kuti pasingagarwi zvitsuwa kana kumuviga navo muaizi Antarctica. Asi zvikuru chinogamuchirika zvino vaiona wokusarudza vachivaka pazvikomo vari padombo idzodzo pevhu. Studies chokuita pfungwa iyi, arambe akabatwa muGermany uye Switzerland.

The chidzidzo pamusoro paChernobyl

Kwenguva refu, simba renyukireya zvaionekwa uncontested. Kwemakumi emakore, rugare atomu muna USSR uye dzimwe nyika mberi kuwedzera zvavo dzemari. Zvisinei, muna 1986 pakava nedambudziko iri paChernobyl, izvo kumanikidzwa vanhu kuti uongorore zvakare mafungiro aro zvenyukireya simba miti. Pachiteshi, pedyo Pripyat, kuputika kwakaitika, mhedzisiro raiva kuparadzwa reactor uye vasunungurwe kupinda hwaiitwa yakawanda ngozi radioactive zvinhu.

The akakurumbira sirogani Soviet "rugare atomu mumusha ose" yakanga isisina. In mwedzi yokutanga vanhu 30 vakafa mushure tsaona. Zvisinei, migumisiro irradiation wechokwadi akati gare gare. Mumakore akatevera, vari vachitambura nechirwere chakaipisisa vakafa vakawanda vanhu. Zviuru vemo eSoviet vaiva utachiona munharaunda. nzvimbo huru Belarus, Ukraine, uye Russia vava kukodzera kuti kurima. The tsaona panguva paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa kwakatungamirira ane yaizotangira mumagariro phobia pachinhu renyukireya. Njodzi yaitika, nhepfenyuro dzakawanda dzakavharwa pose.

Kunyange anopfuura 30 makore kuchengeteka matanho pane makambani aya zvinoonekwa hwakavandudzika, hunonzi dambudziko rakafanana paChernobyl zvinogona kuitika zvakare. The Chiitiko tsaona, zvose usati uye pashure paChernobyl: muna 1957 - in United Kingdom (Windscale), muna 1979 - iri US (Three Mile Island), muna 2011 - mu Japan (Fukushima). Nhasi, ari IAEA vakaunganidza ruzivo zvinopfuura 1000 zvinoshamisa zviitiko pa nhepfenyuro. Zvinokonzera tsaona: kukanganisa kwevanhu (80%), nezvahwo - kugadzira zvikanganiso. At Fukushima muJapan, zvashata kwakaitika nokuda kwenyika simba kwaizotevera Tsunami.

Tariro Power Nuclear

Mubvunzo kana pane ramangwana renyukireya rugare, kubva zvoupfumi nemaonero kwakaoma uye anosimudza kukakavadzana vazhinji nyanzvi. Nokuda vakawanda dzinopesana zvikonzero zvayo ramangwana kujeka uye kujeka. Recent maberere kuti anosunungura International Energy Agency, achiti kuti kana zviri kuitika mberi mugove magetsi zvinoberekwa renyukireya nesimba miti, achawira 2030 kubva 15% kusvika 9%.

Kutozosvikira munguva ichangopfuura, simba renyukireya riri kudiwa kusanganisira nokuda mitengo mafuta mukuru. Zvisinei, muna 2014 vakawira zvikuru. Saka, pane imwe nzira kune simba zvenyukireya cheapened. Zvinokoshawo kuti atomu vanhu rugare chete kunopa magetsi (ndiko kuti, kunyange kana kushandiswa kwakapararira havagoni zvachose kubvisa nzanga simba kuyanzva).

Oil kana magetsi?

Mafuta, pasinei nezvose, zvakakosha kuti bhizimisi uye zvifambiso. About 40% simba iri ukapisa United States, akapa kuti upfumi. Kubva kuvimba mafuta aisagona kubvisa Japan uye France (kunyange vari kushingaira kushandisa NPP). Saka pane ramangwana nokuda rugare atomu, kana riri vakatongerwa kugara mumumvuri "ndarama dema"? Maitiro aya anoratidza kuti chirimwa angasava kare. Zvisinei, vamwe zvichangobva kuitika vakapa renyukireya mukana mutsva.

Tiri kutaura chimiro motokari kuti vanomhanya pamusoro peturu haachipo, uye magetsi. Nhasi, motokari vakadaro vari kuramba kuwana US uye misika European. Pashure emakore motokari yemagetsi achava chakaipa nazvo. Panguva ino kurwira yose upfumi idzokere murunyararo atomu. NPP akakwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko kuramba zvinodiwa kunyika dzakasiyana mune magetsi.

Fusion simba

Pane imwe maonero, umo rugare atomu anogona kuita upfumi kupembera. Chimwe chinetso chiri chokuita kuti vari mukudyidzana nezvimwe zvisikwa njodzi nokushanda simba renyukireya zvinomera. Mubvunzo kuoma wamarinda mwaranzi uye aipedza huni chamuita kuti pfungwa reformatting zvenyukireya reactors munyika itsva mabhomba Fusion. emakambani kwakadaro Uchamiswa zvakakwana zvakatipoteredza. Asi asati mabikirwo rugare atomu vachakupai kugadzirwa, nyanzvi vachaenda refu nzira.

Nhasi musi yenyukireya chirongwa vava kushanda zvikwata kubva munyika 33. Globality basa pamwe yenyukireya mafuta kunokonzerwa nokuziva muzvizhinji wayo zvakanakira. Hazvina chete ngozi nokuda zvakatipoteredza, asiwo hariperi. The zvakakodzera chinogona masayendisiti - deuterium, iro rinobva munyanza. Huru rwokugadzira musiyano yenyukireya yemapurisa kubva NPP ndechokuti itsva mabhizimisi Fusion (fission yenyukireya rinoitwa pasi aimbova renyukireya simba chirimwa) kuchaitika. Zvimwe iri zvemichina uyu remangwana ine rugare atomu.