Ndivanaani mamongi? Origin uye mhando monasticism

In dzidziso dzakawanda dzechitendero uye dzidziso, pane chikamu yakatsaurirwa kupedza mazuva avo vachipa nguva yakazara dzechitendero tsika. Kuti vaite izvi, vanopa akakwidza muchato, basa rokunyika uye vanhuwo pevamwe varaidzo. Inotaurwa vanhu ava maererano mamongi kubva pashoko rechiGiriki "monos," izvo zvinoreva kuti "mumwe". Pavari huchakurukurwa.

Mabviro monasticism

Kuti mashoko pamusoro apo uye apo akatanga azviratidza mumongi, zvakaoma kutaura. Chokutanga, dambudziko iri chokuita mubvunzo kuti ndivanaani mamongi? Vari munhuwo hermits vanozvipira nyaya kunamata kuti agara aripo munzanga yevanhu? Kana unogona kuva mumongi, chete pashure kupfuura imwe kudzidziswa chokuita chipo chaicho mhiko? Zvingaita here kunzi wechitendero vanonyanyisa mumongi, akararama upenyu hwake hwose mugwenga pachavo, pasina mvumo nevadzidzisi womudzimu? Zvichienderana sei iwe kusvika nyaya iyi, kuchanzwika uye mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti ndiani zvemamongi.

Zvaaiva zvechechi chimiro, mumongi akanga nechakare zviuru zvina apfuura, uye aishamwaridzana kunamatwa mwari Shiva, ane vanamati vakasiya nyika uye airarama vadzingi upenyu, kuita nokufungisisa uye kuparidza, vaigara zvipo. Saka, tinogona kutaura kuti kupfuura kare siyana muenzaniso uyu kunamata kwakabatana chitendero Proto-Indo-vokuEurope madzinza. Asi kana mumongi mukati kwavari vakaberekerwa kana uchinge akakweretwa kubva mumwe munhu? Kwakanga zvakafanana nemamwe marudzi? Kana tanga akasuma chiitiko ichi? Kumibvunzo iyi hapana mhinduro. Kana kutarira mumongi sezvo zvikuru sezvo ari maitiro womuenzaniso, kureva zvose pamusoro mupfungwa mhando eMweya munhu, zvino zvingangoita ikoko zvikuru uye vanhu pacharo.

Monasticism muna ChiHindu

Kapoka Shiva, rakanga ambotaurwa, akanga paucheche, umo ano dzakabudirira siyana chiso ChiHindu. Rinosanganisira chine nhungamiro uye zvikoro, akawanda kunosanganisira zvimwe zvigadzirwa monasticism. Ndivanaani mamongi muna ChiHindu? Ndivo vakadanwa sannyasins. Nezvipikiso zvavanopa akasiyana kwakasiyana-siyana dzechiHindu. Uye vanogona kurarama kugamuchirwa, loners kana akaronga munzanga dzemamongi, inonzi ashrams. Dzavo nesafironi nguo. Uye, sezvo chero mamongi havabvumirwi yekuita pfuma uye kupinda hwepedyo nevakadzi. Zvinoreva upenyu huno - kubudirira moksha, kana kusunungurwa kubva ngetani kuberekwazve uye kuparadzwa yakakwana.

Monasticism muchiBuddha

WechiBuddha mumongi akasimuka kubva pakadzika ChiHindu uye uye makuru chinhu kubva maari hamuna zvakasiyana. Zvinofanira akati kuti, kusiyana chiHindu, chete mamongi kuroora kungava yakawanda vaBuddha masangano vafundisi, saka basa ravo yakati kukosha. Uyezve, zvinofungidzirwa kuti chete munhu akadaro achakwanisa kusvika Nirvana - chikuru chinangwa wechitendero dzidziso Gautama. Dzidza navo nyore, kunyange nguo vakasiyana yekudyidzana nepedyo. Zvisinei, mumwe nomumwe muBuddha mumongi shaves musoro wake. Lifestyle zvakare kunobva zvikurukuru chikoro. Mune vamwe vavo mamongi kuunza mashomanana zana mavhoti. Chimwe dzinonakidza ndeyokuti kuti dzimwe nguva pane zvikoro muBhudha mumongi kunogona kuva kwenguva pfupi.

Christian monasticism

Kana monasticism yechiKristu, zvakatanga muna 2nd remakore pamatongo yeEgipita. Kubvira ipapo kwakasimbiswa uye vawana pachavo zvachiri kuMabvazuva uye West. Asi usati abvirise nyaya, zviri pachena kuti mamongi muchiKristu. Zviri pachena, basa ravo siyanei dzavo Hindu uye muBhudha "nevamwe", kusiyana nezvinodavirwa izvi muchiKristu, monasticism hachisi chinhu chinodiwa kuti mukuru chinangwa rechitendero - ruponeso. Asi, nguva dzose paiva nevanhu zvasiya zvose kuti akazvipira kuna Church. Pakutanga, chido chavo chaiva chido chose Vhangeri kuzadzikisa uye kuvandudza maererano navo mweya uye upenyu. Pakutanga, mamongi zvechokwadi vakasiya nyika uye vakapedza mazuva refu uye nousiku mumunyengetero. Nokufamba kwenguva, vose zvikuru yakaoma, asi sezvo vasati kuuya mhiko matatu - dzakachena, urombo uye pakuteerera Church.

Western monasticism

MuEurope, hunodzorwa nevaRoma hurongwa mutemo, zvose nguva dzose kuedza kusiyana. Naizvozvo, mumongi pakupedzisira rakakamurwa vakaparadzana mirairo, izvo dzakavakirwa pa paro pamusoro siyana neururami uye kukuisa dambudziko zvakasiyana. Pane huru mhando mbiri - murayiro vanoshingaira uye kufungisisa Order. Wokutanga vavo vari kuedza kuratidza kutenda kwavo muushumiri uye chinoshingaira nevamwe - kuparidza, rudo uye zvichingodaro. Contemplatives, Ukuwo, zviri masero pamudyandigere uye mutsaure nguva yokunyengetera. On nhamba idzi vectors vaviri upenyu hwomudzimu uye avo Kunyanya sangano iri mutinhimira zuva, pamusoro mwero hwokuzvinyima nehasha uye dzakasiyana-siyana Western monasticism kuvakwa.

Naizvozvo, kupindura mubvunzo ndiani mumongi muna Western Church, nyore chaizvo, kana uchiziva izvo ndezvenguva Order. Munguva yeMiddle Ages pakanga kunyange yemamongi mirairo pamusoro Knights avo, sezvo mumongi, vakarwa hondo uye muchirongwa pakurwa. On nhasi pamusoro ari murwi mumongi, vachisiya chete ndangariro.

Eastern monasticism

Kare, kuti yemamongi sangano vagara akaedza kubatanidza kereke okumabvazuva. Naizvozvo, vose vanopfeka zvipfeko zvakafanana uye kurarama nomutemo mumwe mumativi ose enyika. Pamwe pasi rimwe pedenga, uye "kurovedzera" uye hermits hermits. Zvinorevei mumongi muna Orthodoxy? Izvi anonyanya munhu anoedza kurarama sengirozi. Naizvozvo, chifukidziro anonzi - kuitwa of engirozi chinzvimbo. Sei uye sei kuva mamongi munezvimwe Orthodoxy, zvakaoma kutaura kuti chokwadi. Vamwe vanoenda yokugara vechitendero hurumende, pane zvimwe shure muupenyu hwake pachake, vamwe kutiza matambudziko avo munyika, wechina - nokuda basa, nekuti chete mamongi vanogona kuchengeta dzokumusorosoro zvinzvimbo dzeChechi. Pfungwa mamongi zvakare, nokuti icho monasticism - kupfuura zvakakodzera uye upenyu hwomutambarakede. Chero zvazvingava, chiitiko ichi zvikuru kunzwisisa uye, kupfuura zvose, zviri kwazvo havaratidzi kunzwisisa.