Mutero hurongwa, kunongova akasiyana vachibhejera zvinhu. Ivo ikashandiswa kuzadzisa kunonyanyisa kunyatsoshanda. Ndezvipi mhando mitero rates, izvo zvinogona kusangana nomunhu ano? Sei zvakasiyana? Sei kukanganisa mutero mutoro, izvo anonzwa vanogara munyika? Chii mutero unodiwa kubva macroeconomic pfungwa maonero? Chii functionality yavo uye zvireruke?
Chii mutero unodiwa?
Unofanira kutanga havatsananguri mazwi. Saka, mutero unodiwa (mwero mitero nemitero) ndiyo nhamba yemabhuku kupomerwa kuti aende zvimwe chairema Database kuchinja. Kana kwakunoitwa taxpayer mari iri kubva muzana nemashoko, izvozvo inonzi kota. The zvazvingava chinhu fanira mutero Kufananidzira.
The mutero mutoro
Pasi mutero mutoro kunzwisisa mubereko pamwero wenyika ukama kwemitero kuna zvakakomba epamba chigadzirwa munyika. Nemamwe mashoko, pasi pfungwa iri pasi nhamba kwairayirwa kubhadhara kuti GDP ari mamiriro. The mutoro inogona dzaona yoga nyaya imwe neimwe kana kuti rose racho (a kambani kana munhu mubayiro bhodhi). Kuverenga izvozvo, unofanira kushandisa nzira: SLF / D, apo ELF - chitsama kwemitero kuongororwa, D - mari.
Nokuti underdeveloped nyika, apo pane simba evanhu kuchengeteka gadziriro iri dzinoratidzwa pasi mutero mutoro munyika dzakabudirira zviri nekusiyana, chaizvo. Nokuti ekupedzisira, muenzaniso Sweden, umo mune mamwe makore zvaipfuura 60%. Tinofanirawo vanotaurawo Article kusiyana chaiko uye chezita mutoro. Ndivo chinobatsira kubva nemaonero kuti kubvumira kufungidzira mwero kusabhadhara mitero. Saka, pamwe Zvakawanikwa aizviti mutoro kunowedzera nhamba nyaya yokudzivisa muripo. Kana zvasvika pamwero, asi chinonakidza kuti kunzvenga inova hombe, saka mamiriro chaiwo anochinja nenzira kuderedza mari. Kana mamiriro inowana zvikuru mari, zvinofungidzirwa kuti nhamba iri Laffer. Asi kusvikira haaedzi kusvika. Tava kuenda huru wenyaya uye funga mhando mitero. Zvisina kunanga nemitero muunganidzwa hurongwa ichakurukurwa chete zvavo nemashoko, uye ichanyanya pamutsetse.
Ndezvipi mhando mitero?
Saka chii kworudzii uko? Panguva iyoyo, zvinotevera mhando mitero. Zvinyore nyore kuyeuka:
- Proportional.
- Regression.
- Progressive.
Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane pachake zvachiri, iyo zvino kunzi. Pachine 4th mhando: wakaiswa zvazvingava. Zvarinoreva iri pakuti akaisa mumwe chitsama mutero kuti zvinofanira kubhadharwa zvisinei mari. Asi nokuda kwokushayiwa ayo hupfumi mukana wokushandiswa zvino ndee zvazvingava harishandiswi pamwero wenyika, asi chete muchimiro rendi Somuenzaniso, muzana pub yemafuta kana simbi mhangura (zvisinei mari).
The Proportional mutero unodiwa
Pasi zvinoitwa mashandiro akadaro unobviswa chete chikamu zvose kwemari mhando. Kufungidzira zvichakanganisa sei vanhu kuwana mari yakawanda, kuti mari diki. Saka, kubva mambure mari inofanira deducted fanira mari inoenda zvokudya, zvokupfeka, mishonga, pekugara uye chokufambisa. All uripo (kuzvitutumadza kuti chinhu vose), kuti adaro mari. Inogona kuwedzera kana kuwira pashure kuchinja aivapo prices (kana kutaura vatsva). Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Proportional mutero hurongwa rakanyatsojeka zvakanaka kana rikashandiswa varombo. Somuenzaniso, 500 rubles kubva 10,000 uye 5,000 pamusoro 100,000 akasiyana nezvachinonyatsoreva varidzi zvitsama izvi, saka muna zvinoverengeka fanira kubhadhara kuti hurumende akashandisa mamwe marudzi mitero. The Proportional Hurongwa rinoshandiswa kana kushanda basa guru.
Regressive mutero unodiwa
Mukutonga regressive mutero unodiwa vanoziva zvakadai kuti wazvipira kuti kukura taxable nechigadziko zvinoderedza ari kubva muzana inofanira kubhadharwa kubva yavanotambira. Muenzaniso Implementation: kana wakaiswa hachisi chaicho chikamu purofiti vakawana, uye mumwe mari, uye unofanira kubhadhara. Nokuti zvivanakire vose mari rakakamurwa dzakasiyana. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ari pasi zvavo unodiwa. Naizvozvo, kuderedza uwandu muripo haisi rose mari, uye mugove wake. Regressive mutero unodiwa nevakawanda sokuti nzira kukodzera kuti mitero, uye zvayo yakachena muchimiro rinoshandiswa zvishoma. Pane vakanyanya dzakakurumbira mhando mitero. Direct regressive - mumwe rakakurumbira muchikwata ichi. Sezvo muenzaniso hunobatsira Kuzadziswa kunogona kutungamirira vabatana mumagariro mutero. Saka, zvinoderedza mutero unodiwa kunoitika apo kuwedzera mari iri basa. mashandiro ichi chakagadzirirwa goho mubairo kubva mimvuri. Nenzira, pamusoro mhando mitero. Direct regressive anopindura ainyatsokwanisa pano. Sezvo imi makaona, rinoshandiswa kuti zvimwe zviito uye nevavariro anoshandiswa States kuti dzikurukure Mvumo yacho chechetere.
Progressive mutero unodiwa
Progressive mitero hwakavakirwa mari, izvo pana nokungwara yavo. Kufarira mukuru uri musiyano pakati tinofanira kugara zviwanikwa uye mari inoshandiswa kutenga kukoshesa zvinodiwa. Pfungwa iyi ndiyo hwaro kunoramba mutero unodiwa. Pashure pezvose, mumwe quantitative kuwedzera mari kunoderedza zvinonyatsorehwa mugove mari kuti vaende dzose kushanda kunoita (mari pazvokudya, pekugara uye vamwe kukoshesa mari). Uye panguva iyoyowo kuwedzera mari kuti anoenda kutenga hwomutambarakede nhumbi, kana mafaro. zvazvingava uyu mhinduro muzviitiko apo mitero zvishoma akapfuma kuona mukuru mutero mutoro pane yomupfumi. Uyezve, rakakamurwa subtypes, izvo zvakasiyana pachavo:
- Simple radix.
- Single-siteji.
- Hama radix.
- Multistage.
- Linear.
- Vasanganiswa.
shanda zvazvingava
Strange zvingaita sezvinoshamisa, asi mutero unodiwa, kuwedzera kune mukuru rwendo, anoita nhamba mitambo hupfumi urongwa. Vamwe vavo:
- upfumi ruponeso kubva "overheating". Under capitalism, pane kunaka chakajairika, sezvo nguva nenguva systemic nematambudziko kuti auye pasi chikamu zvoupfumi nemauto munyika. With kukura upfumi tichitarisa yakaderera mitero kune mukuru kumwero chinozoiswa musika saturation. Zvino kana wasvika chikumbaridzo dambudziko achawa "kubva mukuru yakakwirira." Kuti izvi zvisaitike, hurumende dziri kutsvaka mutemo kuwedzera mutero mutoro, kuderedza kumhanya uye kusimba ari saturation mumusika.
- Regulation wezvokutengeserana runoyerera. Chokwadi ndechokuti chero kwezvivako asinganyatsogoni kushandiswa kwayo. Uye kana mutoro anosvika kufadza, zvinokwanisika kuti kuwedzera chokufambisa kana kupfuura nemunyika mitero zvisina kunanga itibatsire mamiriro ezvinhu uye zvakare zadzai mamiriro bhajeti.
Igaroziva prices pamusoro upfumi kubva macroeconomic nemaonero,
Hurumende sezvo chikonzero pokugadzwa mutero yaigona kushandiswa chinhu kubva redistribution mari rokusika kururamisira uye anopera kuchaitwa kunaka kwokunze zvoupfumi migumisiro. Kuti zviri nani aite policies dzavo uye kuti vawane kunonyanyisa kunyatsoshanda, rinoshandiswa sechinhu kufarira. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kubva macroeconomic nemaonero, kunomutsa kukura vasanyanye uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. kudiwa kubva vagari uye panguva imwecheteyo chinokurudzira Entrepreneurs kuwedzera uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. zvitengeswa. It anotevera kubva muenzaniso uyu: vagari asingasviki anofanira kubhadhara mitero uye kudzikisa mwero pamusoro pavo, yakawanda inogona kupedzerwa rinodyiwa pakuunganidza zvigadzirwa zvitsva. Saka, kutenderera zvinoumbwa nokuwedzera basa iri upfumi, iyo, kunyange hazvina magumo, kunogona kukanganisa mu pfupi izwi kwenguva akawanda. Maererano nheyo mamiriro panguva stimulatory zvoupfumi negwaro. By kuwedzera kambani mutero rates, uye makambani vanomanikidzwa kurera mitengo uye anorasikirwa musika mugove uye kuderedza ayo kuvapo. Saka, mumwe sanduko kutenderera kuderedza kukura. Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti zvinoderedza uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. kudiwa pamisika iri inversely Proportional kukosha mutero unodiwa. ukama ichi kwave inorondedzerwa Economic mungangoenda kuna US President Ronald Reygana Artura Laffer, uyo akazova muvambi dzidziso "wedzerai-divi zvoupfumi."
mhedziso
Nokupfupikisa, tinogona kutaura kuti panguva iyoyo hapana yezvisikwa mutero unodiwa, izvo zvinogona kushandiswa kwese. Zvichida zvichava kugadzirwa mune ramangwana. Chero zvakanga, tiri zvino chete zviri.