Pedagogy - a ... Science pedagogy. Social pedagogy. pedagogy matambudziko

History of Education ane nemidzi yawo kure kare. Pamwe vokutanga akazviratidza uye dzidzo, asi sayenzi nedanho nokuzivikanwa inotungamirwa kwave akaumba zvikuru gare gare. Mudzi panowanikwa bazi chero yesayenzi inonzi zvinodiwa muupenyu. Apo kudikanwa generalize zvakaitika dzidzo uye kusika chaiwo redzidzo uye kudzidzisa zvikoro kurovedza chizvarwa chevechiduku akatanga kubuda somunhu yoga pedagogy. Izvi zvaireva kuti intensification pamusoro muitiro nevamwe kuti yokungotaura akatanga kugadzirira vana kuti yakazvimirira upenyu munzanga. The kunonyanyisa Kukosha mubereki pakutanga dzakabatanidzwa chete kupfuura dzakabudirira - China, Greece, Ijipiti uye India.

Nokukurumidza uyewo izvozvo akakwanisa kuona kuti vanhu hwapedyo nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva kana nokukurumidza zvichienderana pamwero panguva iyo ndiyo dzidzo chizvarwa chevechiduku.

Kunokosha mupiro. kare

The muuzivi hwevaGiriki yekare inonzi paucheche vose European dzidzo hurongwa. mumiririri Its chakajeka - ndiye Democritus. Akataura kuti zvakafanana. dzidzo uye hunhu, nharo kuti dzidzo rearranges wacho, nokudaro tichichinja nyika kumativi.

Science pedagogy yambokurukurwa mberi kuburikidza mabasa Socrates, Aristotle uye Plato. Vava kutanga pfungwa inokosha uye nemirayiro chokuita paumbwe unhu.

Michero yeGirisi Roman rokudzidzisa pfungwa raiva basa "mutauri Education". munyori wayo - Mark Faby Quintilian, mumwe muzivi wokuRoma.

Middle Ages

Panguva iyi, Chechi yakanga mubasa monopolization upenyu hwomudzimu nzanga uye kutungamirirwa dzidzo iri chete rechitendero choruzhinji. pedagogic budiriro yakaitika kure kwete zvokudya kare. Paiva emakore-kare asunga ari inviolable misimboti nedzidziso kuomesa musoro, izvo hwaivapo muEurope anenge gumi emakore. Pedagogical dzidziso kushanda kwete yakatanga, pasinei nokuedza vazivi chinoziva akadai Augustine, Tertullian, Aquinas.

Renaissance

nguva ino kunoratidzwa sezvo zvikuru akanakira kukura pedagogy, pane kuMiddle Ages. Kunoonekwa mabasa dzinoverengeka humanist vadzidzisi - Fransua Rable, Erasmus, Vittorino mambo Feltre, Michel mbuya nevamwe.

Science pedagogy akaparadzana uzivi kuburikidza mabasa Yana Amosa Comenius (Czech Republic). Mugumisiro basa rake - "didactics Great" - mumwe mabasa ekutanga zvesayenzi uye rokudzidzisa. An mupiro chinokosha kukura sayenzi iyi kwakaita, uye Dzhon Lokk. In "Vamwe Pfungwa Pamusoro Education," akataura maonero ake pamusoro kwokukudziridza jendurumani wechokwadi - munhu nechivimbo uye anokwanisa nokubatanidza dzidzo yakanakisisa kune nyanzvi unhu, nekusimba maonero uye akanaka tsika.

nguva itsva

History of Education zvaisazova kwakakwana pasina mazita akadai inozivikanwa Western Kujekerwa, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Denis Diderot, Adolf Disterveg, Johann Friedrich Herbart uye Iogann Genrih Pestalotstsi.

Russian pedagogy awana munyika mbiri nemhaka Konstantinu Dmitrievichu Ushinskomu. Pamusana kwaari, paiva chimurenga chaiyo iri dzidziso uye tsika nesayenzi mune mubvunzo. Akataura kuti chinangwa dzidzo kugadzirira basa upenyu, kwete mufaro.

Zvinobata pamusoro pokumuka pedagogy akanga Edvard Torndayk uye Dzhon Dyui, Maria Montessori uye Bendzhamin Spok, Krupskaya uye Wentzel, Makarenko uye Sukhomlinsky uye Danilov.

Current chinzvimbo

Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, zvinokosha mberi kwave kubudirira munyika dzinoverengeka nzvimbo pedagogy, uye kutanga basa iri michina itsva pre-kuchikoro uye zvepuraimari chikoro. Qualitative kushandiswa ekombiyuta kubatsira kudzora zvatinokanganisa uye nokudaro kuti vaite basa rakanaka hwakaderera simba uye nguva zvekushandisa.

Modern pedagogy kuchiratidzwa rinobata basa pakusikwa muzvikoro Copyright, kutsvakurudza uye kugadzirwa zvivako uye experimental nzvimbo. Education uye kurovedza Rinoshandisa nheyo unhu-zvinangwa humanistic. Kunyange zvakadaro, dzidzo - ari sainzi, izvo saka kure haana chimwe zvakafanana maonero pamusoro sei chinofanira kushanda kuchizvarwa chevechiduku. Kwete imwe remakore pamwe nzira mbiri dzakasiyana zvachose. Maererano wokutanga, unofanira kudzidzisa vana kuteerera uye kutya. Maererano wechipiri - pamwe rudo uye mutsa. Muchiitiko chino, kana upenyu pachahwo mumwe pedyo kwave categorically akarambwa, iye anongoti havasisipo. Pakadaro, matambudziko makuru kuchiitika pedagogy, uye mhinduro chaiyo kune mubvunzo sei kuita, haana rawanikwa. Dzimwe nguva kunonyanyisa kubatsira kuti vanhu vauye vanhu vakakwira maererano mitemo yakasimba, uye dzimwe nguva - akangwara, munyoro uye mhando. Panguva iyoyowo anomanikidza nzira yokushanda nevana pane pachena nesayenzi hwaro. maererano KANA Herbart, vana kubva pakuberekwa "playfulness yomusango" hwokuzvarwa, ndokusaka kudzidzisa chete nekuomarara kungaita kuti zvaioneka zvabuda. Huru nzira akatumidza mungozi chirango, mitemo uye cherechedzo.

Kutsutsumwa pamusoro zviri kuchinja munhu rudzii ichi chaiva dzidziso vakasununguka dzidzo. munyori Its - JJ Rousseau. Zhan Zhak pachake uye vateveri vake waitsigira kuremekedza vana uye zvinoita vavo chaivo chirongwa kukura. Saka, mumwe murayiridzo mutsva - humanistic pedagogy. Zviri hurongwa musayenzi dzidziso. It ibasa basa vadzidzi vakaenzana, vachiziva, uye kushingaira vechikamu yedzidzo muitiro.

How kuona ukuru pamusoro humanization ari dzidzo kwacho? It zvinoenderana inopiwa zvakakwana sei preconditions nomumwe kuzvidzora Kuziva.

Zvinokosha pedagogy. Sarudza chinhu, nyaya, zvinangwa uye mashandiro anoita nesayenzi

The chinhu pedagogy - wacho, izvo anova mukufamba ukama edzidzo. Vanotsvakurudza kuuya mumwe vabvumirana ndiyo nyaya sayenzi iri mubvunzo. Heano maonero nevanyori dzakasiyana: Pedagogy pasi - ndiyo dzidzo kuti munhu ave chinhu chinokosha munzanga (Kharlamov); kwegadziriro mitemo chinangwa imwe nhoroondo mutoo dzidzo (Likhachev); dzidzo, kurovedza, dzidzo, rokusika kukura uye socialization pamusoro wacho (Andreev).

Sources okukura nesayenzi

- Experience inobva emakore tsika, dzidzo, akaisa nzira youpenyu, tsika.

- Proceedings of vazivi, masayendisiti anoongorora magariro evanhu, vanachiremba uye rokudzidzisa.

- The Misimboti kuitika tsika dzidzo.

- Data inounganidzwa kubudikidza zvikuru-yakagadzirirwa zvidzidzo.

- Experience vadzidzisi-innovators, kukudziridza chepakutanga maitiro uye dzidzo pfungwa.

mabasa

Vaitirei sainzi yakagadzirirwa kusimudzira tsvakurudzo nechinangwa kuwedzera ndiri zviitiko, zvakawanikwa uye kuvakwa yemashoko dzidzo uye dzidzo nehurongwa. matambudziko ichi rwesayenzi. Kana toreva inoshanda, kuti pakati pavo vari dzidzo uye vadzidzi. Uyezve, mabasa vari rakakamurwa pfupi uye zvechigarire. Aimbova inosanganisira sangano mumaraibhurari, zvemagetsi mabhuku, pedagogical basa nezvinodiwa kwounyanzvi, kuti mugove mikuru zvinoshungurudza mubasa mudzidzisi, vari didactic nokudzidziswa nechigadziko kukura simba vanhu, pave itsva ruzivo uye kurovedzwa vadzidzisi ramangwana, etc. Pakati zvachose mabasa ndedzinotevera: kuziva mapatani mumunda kudzidzisa, dzidzo, dzidzo, basa redzidzo uye dzidzo nehurongwa; kudzidza zvakaitika pedagogical basa; kushanda nzira itsva, nezvimiro, zvinoreva, dzidzo uye kudzidzisa nehurongwa; Kufembera transformations ari rokudzidzisa kwacho pedyo uye kure ramangwana; Implementation kwemigumisiro vakawana mukufamba kuongorora tsika.

mabasa

Pedagogy - imwe sainzi, izvo zvinokosha kuti Implementation vose dzidzo uye kurovedza mashandiro panguva zviripo uye yokungotaura mumatunhu. Funga yokungotaura chechetere mabasa:

- tsananguro. Ndiko kutsanangura dzidziso chokwadi, mananara uye pezvakaitwa, uyewo mukutsanangura pasi chii ezvinhu uye nei kwemasayendisiti dzidzo rini nenzira yakadaro uye kwete zvimwe.

- chirwere. Zviri kugadza chinzvimbo zvimwe pedagogical mananara, kushanda basa mudzidzisi uye vadzidzi, uyewo kuona chikonzero kuunza kubudirira.

- chokufenbera. Zviri evidentiary kutarisira kudzidzisa uye basa rokudzidzisa zvinosanganisira zvose yokungotaura uye inoshanda okunze.

Panyaya zvokugadzira zvinhu pamwero, inosanganisira zvinotevera mabasa:

- projective chokuita kuti pave nenzira yakarongeka chawo (emirayiridzo, nhungamiro, zvirongwa uye zvirongwa).

- rinochinja zvainanga okusuma kubudirira mune pedagogy redzidzo uye tsika dzidzo ine maonero kuvandudza ayo uye kuchinja.

- reflexivo uye kuchigadzirisa, chokuita tinyatsonzwisisa matambudziko kutsvakurudza pakudzidzisa tsika.

- Kurerwa uye dzidzo, zvakauya dzidzo, kudzidzira uye munhu kukura.

Dzinokosha mitemo nenheyo pedagogy

Science anogona kunzi akura chete kana Rinozivisa musimboti kufadza nokuongorora mananara uye anokwanisa kufanotaura kwokushanduka dzesango mananara uye chaizvo.

Under zviitiko dzinosanganisira zviitiko chaizvo kana pezvakaitwa ehupfumi izvo anoratidza kwokunze divi chokwadi uye inzira kuvapo imwe fuma. The yokupedzisira, uyewo, ndiye akaita ukama, zvakadzika kubatana uye mudzimba mitemo nokusimbisa zvainyanya uye dzinoitwa Kwemashoko gadziriro.

Pasina yokungotaura kuongorora zvinotaurwa, mitemo nemirau pedagogy hazvibviri kuronga netsika vakarongeka inodzidzisa uye pedagogical. Pari zvino pane zvinotevera mitemo nesayenzi iri mubvunzo:

- kubatana uye kuvimbika yedzidzo muitiro.

- The ukama yokungotaura uye dzinoshanda zvinoriumba.

- kutanga kudzidzisa uye pakudzidzisa.

- mumagariro rinotungamirirwa zvinangwa.

Sokutaurwa VI Andreev, pedagogical musimboti mumwe Mapato yesayenzi, pakukoka nechigadziko yemirau, yakavakirwa yakasimbiswa mapatani uye munguva nzira kugadzirisa pedagogical matambudziko imwe kirasi. Maererano PI Pidkasistyĭ, pedagogical musimboti - kumboenda nhungamiro, zvinoreva kutevedzana kwezviitiko zviito mupfungwa nguva, uye kwete mumwe.

- The nheyo kuziva nebasa munhu ari kudzidza kunobva pakuziva kuti kudzidza kwacho tichabudirira pamwe kutora mukana vadzidzi mumabasa kudzidza.

- The musimboti enderana kurovedzwa kunobva imwe gadziriro rokudzidzisa uye kudzidza, izvo zvivako mashoko, yakavakirwa chikonzero uye kushanda uye anobatanidza emadzitateguru pamwe nzvimbo kuzvitsaura kubva private uye zvakafanana.

- Kuramba achiita nheyo kusachinja-chinja, vadzidzisi kupa vadzidzi simba rinomutsa vana kusimudzirwa pfungwa kubva anozivikanwa asingazivikanwi, kubva nyore kune zvakaoma, etc.

- Maererano nheyo Kuwanikwa okudzidziswa, kusarudzwa yokudzidzisa zvinhu inobva Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri reshiyo zvemafaro uye kunzwisisa, uyewo mashoko pamusoro zera vadzidzi vavo pamwero hunobatsira uye pfungwa nezviito.

- On nheyo zvesayenzi zviri kudzidzwa zvinhu zvinofanira kuva vanoziva dzidziso, chinangwa zvinhu uye mitemo.

Pedagogy mitemo - mirayiridzo dzakananga nyaya kudzidziswa uye dzidzo. Zvichitevera pavo kunovimbisa paumbwe Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri chiito zvidobi uye zvinoita kunyatsoshanda kugadzirisa zvose zvemarudzi nematambudziko pedagogical.

Separate pedagogical Kutonga anganzi zvinokosha kana zvakakodzera kubatanidzwa nemamwe kuteerera ichi kana kuti musimboti. Somuenzaniso, kuti pave musimboti basa uye hana mudzidzisi yakarumbidza kuomerera mitemo zvinotevera:

- Fungisisa kutsanangura zvinangwa zvebasa mabasa ramangwana;

- kuita paumbwe chido vevaanodzidzisa uye kuvaka pamusoro zvavanoda;

- kureva kunzwisisa uye ruzivo roupenyu vechikoro;

- kushandisa mienzaniso mienzaniso inoratidza mashoko itsva;

- kuona kuti shoko rimwe nerimwe akanga anzwisisa.

Pedagogical tsika - nayo mitemo basa mudzidzisi uye kuita somunhu zvishande ezvinhu ave muyananisi uye mutauri pakati yakasimbiswa nyika-nzanga mumunda dzidzo nebasa mudzidzisi. Vari akaumba kare uye wakaiswa sezvo rudzi evanhu kuziva.

Matavi uye Sections

Kukura chero sayenzi kuwedzera ayo yokungotaura hwaro, izvozvo anogamuchira kugutsikana itsva uye zvinowanisa ane munyika Kusiyanisa chezvinhu zvinokosha nzvimbo tsvakurudzo. Nhasi, pfungwa "pedagogy" kunoreva gadziriro yose sayenzi:

- General Pedagogy. chirango ichi ndicho chawo. Iye anga kutsvakurudzwa mitemo inokosha dzidzo, kuva zvinokosha pezvakaitwa kudzidza muna nemasangano dzidzo pakubhadhara zvose. chirango Iri sumo kupinda dzidziso basa, mukuru misimboti, didactics, dzidzo hurongwa, kudzora pfungwa, nzira, pedagogy, uzivi uye nhoroondo dzidzo.

- Age pedagogy zvainanga kudzidza nomumwe zviri dzidzo pazera yakasiyana nzendo. Zvichienderana zvazvo izvi kusiyanisa perinatal, chevana, vanoenda kukireshi pedagogy, uye chikoro chesekondari, yekosi uye yechipiri dzidzo, vachidzidzisa chesekondari, uye pedagogy androgogics instar rechitatu.

- Special pedagogy anovandudza yokungotaura nheyo, misimboti, nzira, zvimiro uye achishandisa dzidzo uye kurovedza vane havachanyatsogoni kwomuviri nepfungwa kukura. Nhengo dzayo anosanganisira zvikamu zvakadai surdo-, tiflo-, Correctional pedagogics.

- Nemhaka nyanzvi pedagogy akaita yokungotaura hwaro uye kwemashoko nheyo dzidzo uye dzidzo munhu riitwe imwe nzvimbo basa. Zvichienderana rwebasa emit maindasitiri, mauto, engineering, zvokurapa, mitambo uye uto pedagogy.

- Social pedagogy. Chirango ichi kwave kudzidza mitemo evanhu akarerwa uye dzidzo yevana. Social pedagogy zvinosanganisira hunoshanda uye yokungotaura kuitika mumunda zvose dzidzo chikoro uye dzidzo yevana nevakuru.

- Task hunorapa dzidzo - maitiro injiniya kurovedza inodzidzisa uye dzidzo muitiro pamwe kusimba kana chirwere vadzidzi.

- Gender pedagogy ari kufunga nzira kuumba hwomutambarakede zvakatipoteredza vana kuchikoro uye nzira yokugadzirisa matambudziko socialization.

- Ethnopedagogics kuona mapatani uye maitiro dzidzo yenyika uye dzinza pahwaro matongo, ethnographic, ethno-mitauro uye Sociological nzira.

- Kuburikidza vana misimboti dzakabudirira hurongwa dzidzo uye zvokurera vana mumhuri.

- Basa okufananidza dzidzo - kudzidza mifananidzo kukura uye kushanda dzidzo uye kurovedza enyika munyika dzakasiyana.

- kwokururamisa basa pedagogy hunonzi unoruramisa nzira reeducation vanhu muchitokisi.

noukama

Psychology mu pedagogy rinoshandiswa kutsanangura, kududzira uye kuronga zvinhu. Mukuwedzera, sainzi iri mubvunzo hwakada chokuita physiology sezvo kuziva mupfungwa uye kwomuviri rokudzora zvigadziriswe evadzidzi Zvakakosha funga mifananidzo webasa zvipenyu. The kwazvo ukama yakasimbiswa pakati pedagogy uye dzezvoupfumi. Zvapedzisira anokwanisa kufurira kukura dzidzo vanhu. Panyaya iyi, negadziriro matanho zvemari kunogona kuva simba kana inhibitory zvainoita kudiwa nezivo itsva, uye nguva ino zvakare anofunga pedagogy. Dzidzo sezvo hurongwa mu kudikanwa zvoupfumi dzishande.

chetevere nzvimbo

Parizvino, hapana unotsvaka kubvunza zvesayenzi mamiriro pedagogy. Vazhinji vakabvuma kuti chinangwa chayo ruzivo mitemo dzidzo kurovedza uye inotungamirwa kwevanhu kuti maererano ichi kusarudza nzira yakanakisisa kuti vabudirire zvinangwa kudzidzisa tsika. Maererano nevaongorori vakawanda, sainzi iri mwero nzira yokungotaura chikamu (axioms, misimboti, mitemo, vanotongwa mukati pedagogy) uye zvinoshanda (zvigadzirwa, madzidzisiro, unyanzvi).

Research Institute

MuRussia, kukura pedagogy kunge refu akateerera. Kuti kuvandudza sayenzi iyi USSR, vaviri tsvakurudzo Kudya akazarurwa. Wokutanga kubvira 1924 kusvika 1939-fung gore. Ndiro National Institute of Scientific Pedagogy. Raiva pamusoro Fontanka embankment.

The Research Institute of Education, makasimbiswa muna 1948, angokanganwira nhoroondo uye dzidziso, uyewo madzidzisiro. Muna 1969 yakashandurwa kuva mukuru mukuru dzidzo sangano.

kuonekana vadzidzisi

Humanistic parameters mabasa edzidzo - chinhu icho kunobva yazvino pedagogy. Nyaya kwesainzi kuitwa munzvimbo ino inoitirwa kubatsira vadzidzisi kunyora kusiyana rokukurumidzira paruzhinji uye zvakanaka, chokwadi uye yakanaka. Mudzidzisi ano vanofanira kuedza kukurira Makwanza izvi uye kuvandudza, kuumba zvakajeka pfungwa yokuzvitonga kuti chinobudirira kuchinjwa zivo vadzidzi uye basa akabudirira rokudzidzisa.