Muranda kuverenga: nhoroondo

Nhasi maitiro ezvinyorwa zvekare anoratidzika kumashure kwemazana maviri emakore mushure mekuberekwa kwaJesu Kristu uye mazana emakore mazana emakore zvisati zvaitika. Zvisinei, kusati kwauya kwekarenda yechiKristu, vanhu vakasiyana-siyana vaiva nenzira dzavo dzekuyera nguva. MaSlavic madzinza haasi izvozvi. Nguva refu kusati kwakura kwechiKristu vaive nevanamato avo pachavo.

Kutanga kwezwi rokuti "kalendari"

Maererano nehuwandu hwemashoko, izwi rokuti "kalenda" rakabva muchiLatin. MuRoma yekare, chikwereti chaibhadharwa mumazuva ekutanga emwedzi mumwe nomumwe, uye nhoroondo pamusoro pavo yakanyorwa mubhuku rechikwereti rinonzi calendarium. Gare gare, kwaive kubva pamusoro webhuku iro shoko rokuti "kalendari", rakasvika kuvaSlav nechiKristu, rakaitika.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti izwi iri rakabva pamutsara wokuti "Kolyadin Dar" (chipo cheKolyada), iyo yainzi nguva. VaSlavic vakatanga nyanzvi vanofunga kuti izvi zvinogoneka. Vamwe vavo vanoziva kuti vaRoma vakwereta shoko rokuti "kalendari" kubva kumaSlav, uye kwete zvisiri izvo. Tongere iwe pachako: kushandiswa kwezwi rokuti calendarium, uyewo tsanangudzo yekuti inobatanidza sei nezvikwereti nemabhuku - kwete. Pashure pezvose, muchiLatini, chikwereti is debitum, uye bhuku iri libellus.

Chronology kubva pakuberekwa kwaKristu

Kusvika iye zvino, nguva yedu kubva pakuzvarwa kwaKristu inopfuura makore 2 000. Zvisinei, tsika yekuverenga gore inoshandiswa kwemakore ane chiuru nekuti kunyange nekuzivikanwa kwechiKristu sechitendero chepamutemo cheHumambo hweRoma, gore rakaramba richiverengwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzinokosha. Kune vaRoma - ndiro gore rekugadzwa kweRoma, nekuda kwevaJudha - gore rekuparadzwa kweJerusarema, nokuda kwevaSlav - gore rekusika kwenyika muTemberi yeTemberi.

Asi rimwe zuva mutongi wechiRoma Dionysius, achiita mabwendefa eIsita, akabatanidzwa pakati pemitemo yakasiyana-siyana yezvinyorwa. Ipapo akauya nehurongwa hwepasi rose, kutanga kwahwo kuchava gore rokuzvarwa kwaKristu. Dionysius akaverenga nguva yechiitiko ichi uye kubvira ikozvino akashandisa nguva yekuverenga, inonzi "kubva kuKuberekwa kwaKristu."

Kuparadzirwa kwegadziriro iyi yakagamuchirwa mumakore mazana maviri nekuda kwechihedheni Bede Venerable, uyo akashandisa mubasa rake rezvakaitika kumarudzi eAnglo-Saxon. Kuvonga nebhuku iri, vaBrithani vanokudzwa vakabva vashandura kuKarimende yechiKristu, uye shure kwayo vaEurope vakaita saizvozvo. Asi vatongi vechechi vakatora mamwe makore mazana maviri kuti vatange kushandisa maitiro echiKristu chekuverenga kwenguva.

Kushanduka kune chinyorwa chechiKristu chevaSlavs

MuHurumende yeRussia, iyo panguva iyoyo yaisanganisira vakawanda vekuSlavic nyika yeBelarus, Poland, Ukraine uye dzimwe nyika, kuchinja kune kereke yechiKristu kwakaitika musi waJanuary 1, 1700 nechirevo chaPeter I. Vazhinji vanodavira kuti Tsar Petro akavenga Uye akaedza kubvisa zvinhu zvose Slavic, kusanganisira iyo kalendari, saka yakatanga nguva yechiKristu yekuongorora. Zvisinei, zvinowanzoitika kuti iyo tsar yakangoedza kugadzirisa zvakadaro nguva yakaoma. Slavic kurambwa pano, kazhinji, haisi kuita basa.

Ichokwadi ndechokuti nekuuya kwechiKristu kuvaSlav, vaprista vakaedza kushandura vaMamwe Marudzi kune kendendendi yeRoma. Vanhu vakaramba uye vakatevedzera pakavanzika kune kare kare. Nokudaro, muRussia paiva nemakoti maviri: Roman and Slavic.

Zvisinei, munguva pfupi iri mumabhuku ekutanga akatanga kuvhiringidzika. Mushure mezvose, vanyori vechiGiriki vakashandisa karenda yeRoma, uye vadzidzi vezvivako zveKivanvan Rus - kendendende yeSlavonic. Panguva imwe chete, makendendari ose akasiyana neakagamuchirwa muEurope naDionysius. Kuti agadzirise dambudziko iri, Petro ndakarayira kuendeswa kwechisimba kweumambo hwose pasi pekutonga kwake kune hurongwa hwekuverenga nguva kubva pakuberekwa kwaKristu. Sezvo tsika yairatidza, yakanga isinawo kukwana uye muna 1918 nyika yakashandurirwa mukarenda yeGregorian yemazuva ano inotora makore akawanda achifunga .

Sources ye ruzivo pamusoro pekare kare yeSlavic

Nhasi hakuna dare rakavimbika pamusoro pekuti karenda yekare yeSlavic yakaita sei. Inozivikanwa iye zvino "Circumnus of the Numbog" yakavakwa patsva maererano nemashoko kubva kumarudzi akasiyana ezvinyorwa zvezviitiko zvekare. Panguva yekuvandudzwa kwekarenda yekare yeSlavic, zvinyorwa izvi zvakashandiswa:

• East Slavonic vanhu vemutambo karenda. Zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa zvaro zvakabva kune XVII-XVIII mazana emakore. Pasinei nezera iri "jaya", kadhinda iyi yakachengetedza ruzivo rwakanyanya pamusoro pehupenyu hwevaSlav panguva yeRussia yechihedheni.
• Kereke yekereke ye "Mwedzi". Mukushanda kwechiKristu chekuRussia, vakuru vakuru vechechi vaipemberera mazororo echiKristu pamazororo anokosha echihedheni. Kuenzanisa mazuva emazororo kubva "Mesyatseslov" nemazuva anobva kune mamwe makendendari, uyewo kubva kumagariro evanhu, unogona kuverenga nguva yezvakakosha mazororo ekare eSlavic.
• Muzana remakore rechina reXIX, panzvimbo yeVedic tempile muRomania, anenge 400 mahwendefa endarama ane zvinyorwa akawanikwa, akazonzi "Santia Dakov". Vamwe vavo vane makore anopfuura 2 000. Izvi zvinongowanikwa kwete zvinongoratidza chete kuvapo kwemutauro wakanyorwa pakati veSlav vekare, asiwo inopa ruzivo rwekuziva nezvemazuva ekare kare echiSlavic.
• Annals.
• Zviwanikwa zvezvinochera matongo. Kazhinji kazhinji iyi ndiyo tsika yemidziyo yevhu ine mufananidzo wezviratidzo zvekarenda. Inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeyevhu dzevhu dze Chernyakhovskaya Slavic tsika (III-IV mazana emakore AD).

Mazuva evaSlav vekare

Maererano nemashoko akanyorwa muSantia Dakov, nhoroondo yevaSlav vekare ine makore 14. Chiitiko chinonyanya kukosha, chakashanda senzira yekutanga yekarenda, chaiva kutenderera kweSolar uye mamwe maviri mapuraneti, zvichienderana nei vanhu vepanyika vaiona mazuva matatu mudenga kamwechete. Iyi nguva yakanzi "Nguva yeTatu Suns" uye yakanyorwa mugore re604 387 (maererano ne 2016).

• Muna 460 531-m paNyika vakauya vatorwa kubva kumakwikwi e Little Bear. Vainzi vaAriya, uye nguva ino yainzi "Nguva yezvipo".
• Muna 273 910-m paPasi zvakare vakasvika kune vatorwa, asi nguva ino kubva kumapoka enyeredzi Orion. Vakatumidzwa kuti "Aryan," uye mukukudzwa kwavo nguva ino inonzi "Nguva yeHArAr."
• Muna 211 699, kushanyirwa kwakatevera kwezvisikwa zvekunze kwakaitika, zvichiratidza kutanga kwe "Time of Swag".
• Muna 185 779, kusimudzirwa kweimwe yemaguta mana anokosha zvikuru kondinendi yeDaariya-Thule yakatanga. Iri guta raive rakakurumbira pamhizha rayo nyanzvi uye rakabudirira kwemakore anenge 20 000. Iyi nguva yenguva yakanzi "Nguva yeTula".
• Muna 165 043 mukunda waPerun - mwarikadzi Tara akaunza kuvaSlav mbeu dzakawanda, kubva ipapo dzakasimwa masango akawanda - saka yakatanga "Nguva yeTara."
• Muna 153 349-m pakanga pane hondo huru yeChiedza nerima. Somugumisiro, chimwe chemasetelliti epasi pano Phaeton Lutizia chakaparadzwa, uye zvigunwe zvaro zvakava chindori che asteroids - iyi ndiyo nguva yeAssa Dei.
• Muna 143 003 vanhu vepanyika vane rubatsiro rwekubudirira kwesayenzi vakakwanisa kudhonza shanduro kubva kune imwe nyika, uye pasi, iro rakanga rave rine ma satellite maviri panguva iyoyo, rakava ravo vatatu. Mukukudzwa kwechiitiko chinokosha, nguva itsva inonzi "Mwedzi mitatu yeMwedzi".
• Muna 111 819, rimwe remwedzi mitatu rakaparadzwa uye zvidimbu zvaro zvakawira kuNyika, sezvo rakapisa nyika yekare yeDhaari. Zvisinei, vagari varo vanopukunyuka-nguva ye "Great Resettlement kubva kuna Daari" yakatanga.
• Muna 106 791-m mu Irtysh River yakagadzwa guta reMwaris Asgard weIrian, uye mamiriro matsva ekuverenga nguva akaitwa kubvira pagore renheyo yayo.
• Muna 44 560-m mhuri dzose dzeSlavic-Aryan dzakabatana kuti dzigare pamwe chete munharaunda imwechete. Kubva panguva ino nguva ye "Kusika kweGreat Kolo Rassenie" yakatanga.
• Muna 40,017 Perun akasvika pasi pano uye akagoverana nevapristi ruzivo, nekuda kwekunyanya kukwakuka kwakaitwa pakugadzirwa kwemichina yevanhu. Nokudaro yakatanga nguva ye "Third Arrival of Vaitmana Perun".
• Pakasvika 13 021-m, imwe shanduro yeNyika yakaparadzwa uye zvigunwe zvaro, zvainge zvawira pasi, zvakakanganisa kufungidzira kweiyo. Somugumisiro, makondinendi akaparadzanisa uye icing, inonzi Great Cold Period (Chilli), yakatanga. Nenzira, maererano nenguva, nguva iyi inowirirana neyekupedzisira kwemazuva eCenozoic.

Vanhu vemazuva ano vanorarama muzera rakatanga kuverengwa kubva pakusikwa kwenyika muTemberi yeTemberi. Zera remakore ano nhasi zvinopfuura makore 7.5 zviuru.

George wekukunda uye nguva yekusikwa kwenyika muTemberi yeTemberi

Sezvaunoziva, shoko rokuti "nyika" rine zvinyorwa zvakawanda. Nokudaro, zita remunguva yemazuva ano rinowanzoshandurwa se nguva yekusika kwezvose. Zvisinei, "rugare" zvinorevawo kuyananisa pakati pemapoka ehondo. Munyaya iyi, zita rokuti "Kusika kweNyika muTemberi yeTemberi" inotsanangurwa zvakasiyana zvachose.

Nguva pfupi gore risati rasvika rakataridzwa "kubva pakusikwa kweNyika muTemberi yeNyeredzi", hondo yakaparadzaniswa pakati pemarudzi eSlavic neChina. Nekurasikirwa kukuru, maSlav akakwanisa kukunda, uye rugare rwakagumiswa pazuva rekuvhuta equinox pakati pevanhu vaviri. Kucherechedza chiitiko ichi chinokosha, chakaitwa kutanga kwemazuva matsva. Pakupedzisira, mumabasa akawanda ehuponeso uku kukunda kwaifananidzirwa seinyanzvi (Slavs) uye jongwe rinorwisana (rechiChinese).

Ichi chiratidzo chakakurumbira zvokuti nekuuya kwechiKristu kwaisazogadziriswa. Kubva pamazuva eKievchen Prince Yaroslav Wane Muchenjeri, muchengeti, uyo akakunda dhiragoni, ainzi zvepamutemo Georgii (Yury) uyo Akakunda. Zvarinoreva kuvakwaSlav zvinoratidzwawo zvakare kuti kunamata kwaSt. George kwakapararira zvikuru pakati pemarudzi ose eSlavic. Mukuwedzera, panguva dzakasiyana neKiev, neMoscow, nemamwe maguta mazhinji ekare eSlavic anoratidzwa pamaoko eutsvene uyu. Zvinonakidza kuti nhoroondo yeSt. George yakakurumbira kwete chete pakati peOrthodox neKaturike, asiwo pakati pevaMuslim.

Mamiriro ekare karenda yeSlavic

Karenda yekare yeSlavic iyo yakazara kuchinja kwepasi pasi pezuva hakuiti gore, asi muzhizha. Inoumbwa nemwaka mitatu: autumn (autumn), winter and spring. Nguva imwe neimwe yaisanganisira mwedzi mitatu kwemazuva 40-41 mune imwe neimwe. Vhiki mumazuva iwayo yakave nemazuva 9, uye zuva-kubva maawa makumi matanhatu. Maminitsi nemasekondi evaslav akanga asiri, asi paiva nezvikamu, matanda, nguva, nguva, sigas uye santigi. Izvo zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti hutano hunofanira kunge hwakanga hwakadini kana mazita akange aripo kwenguva shoma yakadaro.

Makore muhurongwa uhwu akayerwa kwete nemakumi emakore uye mazana emakore, sezvaanhasi, asi nemakore zana nemakumi mana nemana: makore gumi nematanhatu emakamuri maviri e Swarovski Circle.

Gore rimwe nerimwe rega kubva pakasikwa kwenyika muTemberi yeTemberi yakave nemazuva 365. Uye pano gore remakore rechi16 raive mazuva 369 (mwedzi woga woga waive nemazuva 41).

Gore Idzva muSlav yekare

Kusiyana nekarenda yemazuva ano, umo Idzva Idzva inouya pakati pechando, kalendari yeSlavic inofanirwa kutanga kwemwaka yekuvhuvhu. Kunyangwe mumagazini iyi maonero evanyori venhoroondo dzakasiyana. Vazhinji masayendisiti vanodavira kuti gore rekutanga Idzva raive musi wezvinyorwa zvakafanana, izvo zvakabatsira kugadzirisa karenda yevaSlav kubva pakasikwa kwenyika muTemberi Temple. Zvisinei, nekugamuchirwa kwechiKristu maererano netsika yeByzantine, kutanga kwegore idzva kwaedza kudzorerwa kumwedzi wokutanga wegore. Somugumisiro, mukufananidza kwakanga kusati kwematarenda maviri chete, asi tsika mbiri yekupemberera Gore Idzva: muna March (sekumaRoma) uye munaSeptember (zvose muByzantium neVaSlav).

Mwedzi yevaSlav vekare

Mwedzi wokutanga weAkare Slavic makore mapfumbamwe aiva Ramkhat (kutanga kwaSeptemba 20-23), yakatevera nemwedzi yechando Islet (Gumiguru 31-November 3), Baylet (December 10-13) uye Gaylet (January 20-23).

Mwedzi yekupedzisira yainzi Daylet (1-4 Kurume), Eilet (11-14 April) uye Weillet (21-24 May). Mushure mokunge watanga, Kusarudzwa kwakave kwemwedzi yeHaylet (July 1-4) uye Taylet (August 10-13). Uye inotevera, mumwedzi wekupedzisira Ramhath yakanga iri kutanga kweNyika Idzva.

Nekugamuchirwa kwechiKristu munzvimbo yeRoma, akapa maSlavic mazita kumwedzi. Nekugadzwa kwekarenda itsva naPeter I, mazita echiLatini akadzorerwa kumwedzi. Vakaramba vari mumutauro wemaRussia wemazuva ano, nepo hama dzehama dzakachengetedza kana kuti dzidzorera mazita echiSlav anowanzogara kwemwedzi.

Hazvizivikanwi kuti ivo vakadanwa sei nekuuya kwechiKristu vasati vashandurwa naPetro I, zvisinei, kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzinovakwazve nekuda kwehutano hwevanhu vakasiyana-siyana vechiSlavic.

Vhiki yevaSlav

Mubvunzo wehuwandu hwemazuva musvondo isati yavandudzwa naPeter I inoramba ichikakavadzana kusvikira nhasi. Vazhinji vanopikisa kuti paiva nevanomwe vavo - saka mazita anoramba ari mumitauro yese yeSlavic.

Zvisinei, kana iwe uchifunga nezvemashoko anobva ku "Humpbacked Horse", zvinoshamisa kuti zvinyorwa zve 1834 zvinotaura nezvezuva iroro revhiki se "octopus", rinotangira rimwe zuva-"vhiki".

Icho chinotarisa kuti mhemberero yevhiki yepfumbamwe yevhiki yakaramba iri muchiyeuchidzo chevaSlav, uye naizvozvo pakutanga pakutanga kwaiva nemazuva 9 chete.

Nzira yekuverenga gore sei mukarenda yeSlavonic?

Nhasi, vazhinji veSlav vari kuedza kudzokera kumitambo yemadzitateguru avo, kusanganisira kalendari yavo.

Asi nyika yemazuva ano, kurarama maererano nehanzvadzi yechiKristu, inoda munhu kuti ave nekwanisi kufamba mumuganhu uyu wekutaridzirwa kwemakore. Nokudaro, munhu wose anoshandisa nguva yeSlavic (kubva pakusikwa kwenyika), kushandura makore kubva mairi kuva muKristu, anofanira kuziva. Pasinei nekusiyana kwepakati pezviitiko zviviri zvezviitiko, zviri nyore kuita. Iwe unoda kuwedzera kune rimwe zuva rekarenda yechiKristu iyo nhamba 5508 (musiyano mumakore pakati pezvigadziriro) uye iwe unogona kushandura zuva racho mumararamiro eSlavic. Ndeipi gore razvino rehurongwa urwu, iwe unogona kugadzirisa nenzira inotevera: 2016 + 5508 = 7525. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti gore rezvino rinobva munaJanuary, uye maSlavs - kubva munaSeptember, kuitira kuti iwe ushandise inyanzvi yekutengesa yakawanda kuverenga yakajeka.

Makore anopfuura mazana matatu akapfuura kubvira apo vagari vomuMambo weRussia vakamira vachishandisa kendendende yeSlavic. Pasinei nekururama kwayo, nhasi inongova nhoroondo chete, asi inofanira kurangarirwa nokuti haina kungosanganisira uchenjeri hwemadzitateguru avo, asi yakanga iriwo chikamu chetsika dzeSlavic, iyo, pasinei naPetro, maonero, akanga asiri pasi peEurope, asi zvakare Zvimwe zvinhu zvakapfuura kwaari.