Kuitwa kwePugachev pane Bolotnaya Square: zuva. Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev in history

Emelian Ivanovich Pugachev aiva Don Cossack uyo akadzika pasi munhoroondo semutungamiri wePaasants 'War, iyo yakaitika muRussia kubva muna 1773 kusvika muna 1775. Akashandisa makuhwa akanga achiitika panguva iyoyo apo Emperor Peter III ainzi aive mupenyu, asi akasunungurwa kubva pamasimba naChristine II uye mudiwa wake Grigory Orlov. Pugachev akazove akave nematombo kune vose vanozvinyengera vaizvinyengera kuva mambo.

Zvirongwa zvevatungamiri vevapanduki

Mukurwisana kwakaitika kambani yaSolenikova pakupera kwaAugust 1774, vapanduki vakakundwa kukundwa kukuru. Izvo zvakasara zvemauto avo zvakatamira kumaodzanyemba kumabvazuva pedyo neVolga. Mune manheru eAugust 25, vasati vasvika kuBlack Yara, vakakwanisa kuyambuka kubva kubva kurwizi rworudyi rwizi kusvika kune rimwe zvitsuwa, uye kubva kune rumwe rutivi. Pugachev akatungamirira zvisikwa zvehondo yake kumabvazuva, akakunda rwizi Akhtuba, kuruboshwe rwakazoti musangano. Yakasarudzwa pane zvimwe zviito.

Mutungamiri wevapanduki vakapa mikana yakawanda yekudzoka. Vokutanga vavo ndeyekuenda kumhenderekedzo yeVorga uye kusvika kuGungwa reCaspian, vozoita nzira yekutenderera kuUkraine ndokubatana neZaporozhye Cossacks. Chinhu chechipiri chine chokuita nehanzvadzi kuenda kuBashkiria kana kuSiberia.

Kutengesa

Zvisinei, kuronga nzira yokubuda nayo, Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev akanga asingazivi kuti panguva iyoyo rangano, umo Cossack colonels akabatanidzwa, akasarudza kumutengesa. Shamwari dzake dzepedyo dzakasarudza kumutengesa kuvane masimba, uye mukudzoka anogamuchira kuregererwa kubva hurumende.

FF Chumakov, IP Feduev, IA Tvorogov uye vanenge gumi nemaviri Yaik Cossacks vakatora chikamu muchikwata. Vanongopesana nezvimwe zvepurogiramu dzaPugachev uye vakaisa mvumo yekuendesa kuUenai. Kuti vaite izvi, vakasarudza nzira yekufambisa uye vakasvika musi wa8 Svondo. Achingobata nguva iyo mauto makuru eCosacks aiva kure, avo vakarangana vakarwisa Pugachev. Ari munzira yekuenda kuguta reJaitsky kaviri akaedza kutiza, asi asina kubudirira. Chumakov naTvorogov, avo vaifamba mberi, vakatarisana nedare rekutsvaga rakarayirwa nevakuru vezana Harchev. Akaunza anopandukira kuguta raJaitsk.

Saka Emelyan Pugachev akabatwa. Hondo yevagari venyika, yakatungamirirwa nemurume uyu asinganzwisisiki, munguva pfupi yakaguma, asi Suvorov nePanin vaifanira kugadzirisa kwenguva yakareba mumapurovhinzi anotambudzika, vachigadzira simba raimbova mavari.

Migumisiro

Kubvunzurudzwa kwekutanga kweEmelian Pugachev kwakaitwa musi waSeptember 15 muguta reYaitsk. Kuongorora kwaitungamirirwa naMavrin uye kutanga kwezvose akawana zvose zvese zvejeri rejeri. Gare gare, mumashoko ake kuna Major-General Potemkin, akanyora kuti Pugachev akazvibata akadzikama uye achidzivisa. Mazuva matatu gare gare, Lieutenant-General Suvorov akasvika pakubvunzurudza munyengeri, uyo pachake akapinda mubvunzo. Mushure mezvo munhu akasungwa akaendeswa kuSimbirsk. Nekufambisa kwayo kwaiva nekodhi yakasimba yakaiswa, yakasungirwa ngoro mbiri-ngoro.

MuSimbirsk kubva 2 kusvika 6 Oktober, Pugachev haana kungobvunzurudzwa chete, asi zvakare akashandiswa pakutambudzwa kwake. Aifanira kuzviratidza iye neshamwari dzake-mumaoko. Musi waOctober 26, Pugachev akatumirwa kuMoscow pasi pevarindi vakasimba. Paakazosvika muguta guru, akachengetwa muchitsime cheimba iyo Mint yakanga iripo. Vamwe pamwe chete naye vakaunzwa uye vamwe vatori vechikamu mukumuka. Musi waDecember 30, sangano rekutanga rekudare rakaitika, rakaitika muChigaro cheChigaro cheKremlin. Zuva rakatevera Pugachev akauyiswa pano, uyo, pamabvi ake, akapindura mibvunzo, shure kwaizvozvo akanzwa mutongo werare. Mutongo wacho wakanga wakaoma: mutadzi wacho aive wekutanga, akazobvisa musoro wake, uye ipapo vaizotora chikamu chemuviri kunzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeguta ndokuzvipisa.

Kugadzirira kwekupedzisira

Zuva rokuurawa kwePugachev rakagadzwa musi waJanuary 10, 1775. Mangwanani, mumwe mufundisi weKazan Cathedral weProteope Theodore akatumirwa kusero rake, uyo aifanira kugamuchira munhu akapiwa mhosva kuti afe. Mushure meizvi, nharaunda yacho yakatungamirira murwendo akadzungirirwa mumakumbo ndokumugarisa mumubhedha. Vamwe vaprista vakaungana pamwe chete naye, avo vari munzira vakamunyengetedza kuti atendeuke pane zvaakaita.

Chiitiko chakadai chakadai, kufanana nekuurawa kwePugachev, chakaita kuti vanhu vakawanda vauye muSwampu nguva refu masikati asati auya. Izvo zvakagadziriswa pachazvo zvakagadziriswa mberi nemapurisa, uyewo zvakatumirwa kwavari kuburikidza nekusimbiswa kwemashure ehurumende. Vane nhamo yakaoma vakadzorera shure kudzvinyirira kukuru kweboka revanhu. Vanhu vacho havana kuzoudza nzvimbo yose, asiwo mumigwagwa yaipinda nayo. Vanhu vakanga vakagara padenga redzimba nedzimwe machechi.

Maitiro aPugachev pamusoro pekuitwa

Apo rwonzi rwezvinyunyuti zvine kambani dzakapfuura neRuburrection Bridge, Pugachev akasimuka ndokutanga kukotamira kumativi ose. Saka akaudza vanhu. Sledges nevakasungwa vakatamira mukati mechivanze uye vakamira pa scaffold. Emeliana Pugacheva, pamwe neApanasy Perfiliev, vakatorwa kuenda papuratifomu. Vapristi vazhinji, mapurisa, vatongi vematare uye vanouraya vakavatevera.

Vakatanga kuverenga mutongo, panguva iyo mukuru wevapanduki akabhabhatidzwa nguva nenguva uye akanyengetera akanyarara. Mushure meizvi, muprista akaropafadza mutongo wekufa ndokutaura mazwi mashoma anonyaradza. Ipapo Pugachev akataura mazwi ake okupedzisira, achitanga nemashoko anoti: "Nditiregerere ini, vanhu veOrthodox ...", uye panguva iyoyo iye pachake akakotamisa uta hwake hwenyika uye akazviyambuka asingatyi, achitendeukira kumakereke eKremlin.

Zvimwe zviitiko zvaiitika zvakakurumidza. Kuurawa kwePugachev kwakatanga nemashoko ekuti zvikwata zvakabviswa kubva musungwa uye zvipfeko zvakabvarurwa, uye kweminiti gare gare muurayi wake ainge akabata muurayi mumaoko ake nemusoro weropa.

Zviyeuchidzo zvezviitiko zvekuona

Uyu munyori-fabulist wenguva iyoyo, Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev, kufanana nevakuru veMoscow, akanga asiri kure neganda uye aigona kuona munyaya dzose kuti Pugachev akaurayiwa sei. Pasinei nechokwadi chokuti mukuru wevapanduki aiva nemukurumbira sebenzi rinotyisa, munyori ari pachiso chake haana kuona chinhu chinotyisa kana chisina kunaka. Akamurondedzera semunhuwo zvake weinenge makumi mana, wepakati pepamusoro, ane chiso chinoputika uye ndebvu dzakaita semakumbo. Kunze, iye haana kumbofanana nemambo Petro III, uye zvaishamisa kuti vanhu vangatora sei kune imwe.

Chimwe chiitiko chezviitiko zvezviitiko izvi, scientists, munyori uye muzivi Andrei Timofeevich Bolotov, vakacherechedza kudengenyeka kusinganzwisisiki munzira yekuurayiwa. Maererano nemutongo uyu, Emelian Pugachev aifanira kutora chikamu, ndiko kuti, kutanga kubvisa maoko ake netsoka, uye shure kweizvozvo kuti adzore musoro wake. Zvisinei, muurayi akaita zvakasiyana. Ober-politsmeyster Arkharov akanga ari mukuvhiringidzika kukuru uye akatsoropodza muurayi kwekanganiso yakadaro. Somugumisiro, maoko nemakumbo omunhu akaregererwa zvakasunungurwa mushure mekufa kwake.

Nyasha yemudzimai Catherine II

Icho chaiva kutarisa kwakadaro kwemuurayi kanangwana, kana kuti akazviita nemaune here? Izvi zvakanyorwa na AS Pushkin mubhuku rake rinonzi History of the Pugachev Riot. Pano mudetembi akataura kune tsamba yaMempress kuna Prince Volkonsky, uko zvakanzi kuti kufanana kwake hakubvumiri kuita zvisakarurama kunyange nevatadzi. Saka, Pugachev asati aurayiwa, Catherine ainzi mumashoko akapfuura nomukuru wemapurisa Arkharov murayiridzo wekuvanzika kumuurayi, kuitira kuti atange kubvisa musoro waEmelian Pugachev, uye shure kweizvozvo akaparadzanisa. Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti muEmpress anonzi ainyatsorega kutaura pamusoro peizvi pose.

Hazvinyatsozivikanwe kana chaizvoizvo zvaiva neicho chiratidzo cheChristine II, asi pakanga pasisinazve hurumende yeRussia. Mukuwedzera, kuurayiwa kwevanhu kwePugachev muBoktnaya Square kwaivawo yekupedzisira. Maererano nemutongo, musoro wake wakaiswa padanda ndokuiswa pachena, uye zvikamu zvakatsvuka zvemuviri zvakatorwa kune zvikamu zvakasiyana zveguta ndokupisa mune rimwe zuva.

Migumisiro yeHondo yevarimi

Nokudaro akagumisa mutezo, kamwe wakamutswa nemaoko eCossacks akaoma, akatungamirirwa naEmelyan Pugachev. Mune nhoroondo yeRussia, iyi Hondo yePasimasi yakasiya nzira yakadzika, sezvo yakakonzera yakawanda yenyika, ichibva kuSiberia kuenda kuMoscow, uye kubva Kuban kuenda kuMurom.

Mushure mokunge kupandukira kwePugachev kwapera, chiratidzo chakabudiswa pamurairo weChristmas Catherine II, apo zvakanzi kuti kumukira uku kunofanira kuzvipira "kusingagumi kusingaperi." Uye kuitira kuti aparadze kunyange zvishoma zvishoma kuyeuka kwemazuva ano eropa, akarayira kuti adzorere guta raJaitsk raipandukira muUrialsk.