Mifananidzo yealuminium. Aluminium: general characteristic

Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chemakemikari chinogona kufungwa kubva pakuonekwa kwemasayenzi matatu: physics, chemistry uye biology. Uye munyaya ino tichaedza kupa humiro yealuminium sezvakanyatsoita. Ichi chimiro chemakemikari chiri muboka rechitatu uye chechitatu nguva, maererano neheta periodic. Aluminium isimbi inenge yakawanda yemakemikari. Uyewo mumakemikari ayo munhu anogona kuona amphoteric. The atomic mass of aluminium is makumi makumi maviri nematanhatu pamusi.

Zviratidzo zvechimiro chealuminium

Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akazara, iyo yakasimba. Iyo aluminium formula iri nyore kwazvo. Iyo inosanganisira maatomu (musabatanidza mumamolekoro), ayo akabatanidzwa ne crystal lattice muzvinhu zvakasimba. Muvara wealuminium isu chichena. Mukuwedzera, ine chimiro chesimbi, sezvimwe zvinhu zvose muboka iri. Mucherechedzo wealuminium anoshandiswa mumhizha inogona kuve yakasiyana nekuda kwekuvapo kwezvisina kuchena mualloy. Icho chinyararire chesimbi. Kuwanda kwayo kwakasvika 2.7 g / cm3, kureva kuti inenge katatu yakareruka kupfuura iron. Mune izvi anokwanisa kupa kune magnesium chete, iyo inenge yakanyanya kupenya kudarika simbi iri mubvunzo. Dambudziko reAluminium rakanyanya kuderera. Mariri, iyo yakaderera kune yakawanda yendarira. Uoma hwe aluminium ndeyemviri chete pamusana weMohs. Nokudaro, kusimbisa iyo, zvinyorwa zvinobva pane iyi simbi zvinowedzera zvakasimba.

Kunyorera kwealuminium kunoitika pakushambidza kwe 660 digrii Celsius chete. Uye inopisa apo inopisa kusvika kutsigira yezviuru zviviri namazana mana nemakumi mashanu nemaviri degrees Celsius. Iyo yakanyanya ductile uye yakadzika-yakanyungudiswa nesimbi. Iyi haisi kuguma kwezvinhu zvakasikwa zvealuminium. Ndinodawo kucherechedza kuti iyi simbi ine yepamusoro yekutengesa magetsi mushure mehuni nesirivha.

Kuwanda mumasikirwo

Aluminium, inyanzvi yezvigadzirwa zvatichangobva kuongorora, inowanzowanikwa munzvimbo. Inogona kuonekwa mumaminerari akawanda. Element aluminium - yechina pakati pezvose muhuwandu hwezvisikwa. Chikamu chayo chakakura mumakumbo epasi pano anenge mapfumbamwe kubva muzana. Maminera makuru, ayo ane maatomu ayo, mabhauxite, corundum, cryolite. Yokutanga idombo ine maoriji esimbi, silicon uye simbi iri mubvunzo, uye mvura yemakemukwata inowanikwawo mune zvakagadzirwa. Iine mavara asina kufanana: fragments ye gris, tsvuku-tsvuku uye mamwe mavara, ayo anoenderana nekuvapo kwezvisi zvakasiyana siyana. Kubvira pamakumi matatu kusvika makumi matanhatu kubva muzana yezera iri ndeye aluminium, mufananidzo wekuti unogona kuonekwa kumusoro. Mukuwedzera, corundum ndiyo inowanzoshandiswa mineral muzvisikwa.

Izvi zvinonzi aluminium oxide. Yaro chemakemikari yaro iAl2O3. Inogona kuva nemavara matsvuku, machena, bhuruu kana maronda. Dambudziko rayo pamusana weMohs zvikamu zvipfumbamwe. Kumarudzi akasiyana e-corundum ose anozivikanwa samafirores uye rubies, leucosapphires, uye padparadzha (yellow sapphire).

Cryolite ine mineral ine yakaoma yakawanda yemakemikari. Inosanganisira aluminium uye sodium fluorides - AlF3 • 3NaF. Inoratidzika sebwe risina ruvara kana ruvara, rine utera hwakadzika - zvitatu bedzi pamwero weMohs. Munyika yemazuva ano iyo inogadzirwa nemaitiro mu laboratori. Inoshandiswa mumetallurgy.

Uyewo, aluminium inogona kuwanika mune zvakasikwa muvhu, iyo huru iyo iyo iyo midzi yesilicon uye simbi iri mubvunzo, inosanganiswa nemvura yakakura. Mukuwedzera, ichi chemikemikari chinogona kuonekwa mukuumbwa kwezvipfeko, chemikemikari inoita seizvi: KNa3 [AlSiO4] 4.

Kugamuchira

Zviratidzo zveAluminium zvinosanganisira kuongorora nzira dzekushandiswa kwayo. Kune nzira dzakawanda. Kugadzirwa kwealuminium nenzira yekutanga kunowanikwa mumatanho matatu. Iyo yekupedzisira yeiyi ndiyo nzira ye electrolysis pane cathode uye iyo anode yemasha. Kuti uite zvakadaro, aluminium oxide inodiwa, pamwe chete nezvinhu zvinobatsira zvakadai se cryolite (formula - Na3AlF6) uye calcium fluoride (CaF2). Kuti kuparara kwealuminium oxide kuputike mumvura kuitika, inofanira kupisa pamwe chete ne cryolite yakanyunguduka uye calcium fluoride kusvika kutsigira kwemazana mapfumbamwe nemazana makumi mashanu pa Celsius scale, uye zvino inodarika izvi zvinhu ikozvino makumi masere makumi masere amperes uye ine simba remahlanu- Mavhiri masere. Nokudaro, nokuda kweizvi, saruminium ichagara pamakateti, uye masikemu emakisikoni achaunganidzwa pane anode, iyo inoshandura iyo inogadzirisa anode uye inoita kuti ive carbon dioxide. Vasati vaita izvi, bauxite, nenzira yakakonzerwa nealuminium oxide, inotanga kushambidzwa kwezvisina kuchena, uyewo nzira yekudzikisa mvura inoitika.

Ikugadzirwa kwealuminium nenzira yakarondedzerwa pamusoro apa inowanzoonekwa mune metallurgy. Kunewo nzira yakagadzirwa muna 1827 naF F. Weller. Iyo inosanganisira mukuti aluminium inogona kuwanikwa nemakemikari anoita pakati pekloride uye potassium. Kuita kwakadaro kunogona kuitwa chete nekugadzira mamiriro akasiyana-siyana mumamiriro ehupamhi hwepamusoro uye kupisa. Nokudaro, kubva kune imwe mole ye-chloride uye ivhu rakafanana re potassium, imwe mole yealuminium uye matatu ma moles e-potassium chloride inogona kuwanikwa sechinhu. Izvi zvinogona kunyorwa nenzira yekuenzanisa kunotevera: АІСІ3 + 3К = АІ + 3КСІ. Iyi nzira haina kuwana mukurumbira wakawanda mune metallurgy.

Kushandisa aluminium maererano nekemikari

Sezvatotaurwa pamusoro apa, ichi chinhu chakareruka chinosanganisira maatomu asingabatanidzwa mumamolekoro. Zvimwe zvivako zvakafanana nezvose zvese. Aluminium ine yakakwana yemakemikari yekuita uye yakasimba kuderedza zvinhu. Iyo makemikari inoratidzira aluminium inotanga ne tsanangudzo yekuita kwayo pamwe chete nezvimwe zvinhu zvisinganyanyi, uye kushevedza kwakanyanya nemakemikari akaoma anorema achajekeswa.

Aluminium uye zvinhu zvakaoma

Izvi zvinosanganisira, kutanga kwezvose, okisijeni-iyo inowanzobatanidzwa panyika. Chikamu makumi maviri nechimwe kubva muzana chacho chinoumbwa neMhepo yepasi. Maitiro echinhu ichi nezvimwewo zvinonzi kusvibiswa, kana kupisa. Inowanzoitika pamatambo akareba. Asi munyaya yea aluminium, inogadziriswa pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akaenzana inogoneka - iyi ndiyo nzira iyo firimu yeakidhi inoumbwa. Kana iyo yakapiwa simbi inopwanyika, inopisa, igovera saizvozvo huwandu hwesimba nenzira yehuni. Kuti iite zvinopindirana pakati pealuminium uye oksijeni, izvozvi zvinowanikwa mune imwe molar ye 4: 3, zvichiita kuti zvikamu zviviri zveiyoxyide.

Izvi zvinoshandiswa pamakemikari sezvinotevera kuenzanisa: 4AI + 3O2 = 2AIO3. Uyewo zvinobvira ndezvekusarudzwa kweAluminium neHalo, iyo inosanganisira fluorine, iodine, bromine uye chlorine. Mazita emitambo iyi inobva mumazita emaHalogi anowirirana: fluorination, iodination, bromination uye chlorination. Izvi ndizvo zvinowanzoitika pakuwedzera.

Somuenzaniso, ngatitaure nezvekubatana kwealuminium ne chlorine. Icho chiitiko chekugadzirisa chinogona kuitika chete muchando.

Saka, kutora maviri emarumini e-aluminium uye matatu ma-moles e-chlorine, tinowana semagumisi maviri emakloride esimbi yakabvunzwa. Iko kuenzanisa kwezviitiko izvi ndeizvi: 2А + 3СІ = 2АСІ3. Nenzira imwecheteyo, aluminium fluoride, bromide uye iodide inogona kuwanikwa.

Ne sarufa, icho chinenge chiri mubvunzo chinopindura chete kana chinopisa. Kuti iite kutaurirana pakati pezvikamu zviviri izvi, zvakakosha kuitora mumhara yakaenzana kubva kune maviri kusvika kune matatu, uye imwe chikamu chealuminium sulphide inoumbwa. Ikokuenzanisa kwezvinoitika ndeyotevera: 2Al + 3S = Al2S3.

Uyezve, pamasikati makuru, aluminium inopindirana necarboni, kuumba carbide, uye ne nitrogen, iyo inogadzira nitride. Mumwe anogona kureva kuenzanirana kwekuenzanisa kwemakemikari: 4AI + 3C = A44C3; 2Al + N2 = 2AlN.

Kuwirirana nezvinhu zvakaoma

Izvi zvinosanganisira mvura, sariti, acids, zvigadziko, oksidi. Nezvose izvi makemikari, aluminium inopindura zvakasiyana. Ngatinyatsoongororai nyaya imwe neimwe.

Kuita nemvura

Nezvinhu zvakaoma kupfuura zvimwe zvose pasi pano, aluminium inopinda nechokupisa. Izvi zvinongowanikwa chete munyaya yekutanga kubviswa kwemufirimu kubva kune oxide. Somugumisiro wekubatana, amphoteric hydroxide inoumbwa, uye hydrogen inosunungurwawo mumhepo. Kutora zvikamu zviviri zvealuminium uye zvikamu zvitanhatu zvemvura, tinowana hydroxide uye hydrogen mu molar zvakaenzana kubva kune maviri kusvika matatu. Kuenzanisa kwezviitiko izvi zvakanyorwa sezvinotevera: 2AI + 6H2O = 2AI (OH) 3 + 3H2.

Kuwirirana neAicids, zvigadziko nemasikirini

Kufanana nedzimwe simbi inoshandiswa, aluminium inokwanisa kupinda kunzvimbo yekuita. Muchiitiko ichi, inogona kushandura hydrogen kubva kuasiti kana kuti cation yesimbi yakawanda isina kunyanya kubva kune munyu. Somugumisiro wekubatana kwakadaro, saruminium munyu inoumbwa, hydrogen inosunungurwawo (mune zvakaitika yeasiti) kana yakachena masimbi emvura (imwe isinganyanyi kushanda kupfuura iyo iri pasi pekufungisisa). Muchiitiko chechipiri, kuderedza zvinhu zvataurwa pamusoro apa kuonekwa. Muenzaniso ndiyo kubatana kwealuminium ne hydrochloric acid, umo aluminium chloride inoumbwa uye hydrogen inosunungurwa mumhepo. Mhando iyi yekuita inoratidzirwa muchimiro chechiyero ichi: 2AI + 6HCl = 2A²С33 + 3H2.

Muenzaniso wekubatana kwealuminium nemunyu ndiko kugadzirisa kwayo nemhangura sulfate. Kutora zvinhu izvi zviviri, pakupedzisira tinowana aluminium sulphate uye mhangura yakachena, iyo inowira kunze sekunyura. Ne acids yakadai sulfuric uye nitric, aluminium inopindura nenzira yakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, apo aluminium inowedzerwa kune imwe nzira inoshandiswa ye nitrate mune imwe molar yezvikamu zvisere kusvika makumi matatu, zvikamu zvisere zve nitrate yesimbi zvinoumbwa, zvikamu zvitatu zve nitrogen oxide uye gumi nemashanu emvura. Kuenzanisa kwezviitiko izvi zvakanyorwa nenzira iyi: 8Al + 30HNO3 = 8Al (NO3) 3 + 3N2O + 15H2O. Izvi zvinongowanikwa chete kana paine kutonhora kwakakwirira.

Kana iwe uchisanganisa aluminium uye isina simba sulphate acid mu molar zvakaenzana kubva kune maviri kusvika matatu, tinowana sulfate yesimbi yakagadziriswa uye hydrogen mune chiyero cheiyo kusvika kune zvitatu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuchinja kunowanzoitika, sezvinoitika kune mamwe acid. Kuti zvinyatsojeka, tinopa equation: 2Al + 3H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3 + 3H2. Zvisinei, nekufungisisa mhinduro yeaiti imwechete, zvinhu zvose zvakaoma. Pano, semuenzaniso we nitrate, a---chigadzirwa inoumbwa, asi kwete nenzira yeoxyide, asi nenzira yesarufa, nemvura. Kana tikatora zvikamu zviviri zvinodiwa kwatiri mune imwe miviri yechina, saka sechikonzero tinowana chikamu chimwe chemuyu wesimbi nesarufa mubvunzo, uye mana - mvura. Iyi kubatana kwemakemikari kunogona kuratidzirwa nekuenzanisa kunotevera: 2Al + 4H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3 + S + 4H2O. Mukuwedzera, aluminium inokwanisa kugadzirisa ne alkali mhinduro. Kuti uite izvi kubatana kwemakemikari, zvakakosha kutora makirosi maviri esimbi iri mubvunzo, serodium yakawanda hydroxide kana potassium hydroxide, pamwe nematanhatu matanhatu emvura. Somugumisiro, zvinhu zvakadaro se sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate kana potassium, pamwe nehydrogen, inoshandiswa segesi rine kunhuhwirira kunopisa mu molar zvakaenzana kubva kune maviri kana matatu. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemakemikari zvinogona kuenzanisirwa sekuenzanisa kwechipiri: 2AI + 2KOH + 6H2O = 2K [AI (OH) 4] + 3H2.

Uye chinhu chokupedzisira chokufungisisa ndiwo maitiro ekubatana kwealuminium nemamwe oksijeni. Nyaya inowanzoshandiswa uye yakashandiswa ndeyekuita kwaBeeketov. Izvo, pamwe nezvimwe zvizhinji zvepamusoro, zvinowanzoitika pane zvakanyanya kutonhora. Saka, kuti uite izvi, unofanira kutora ma moles maviri e-aluminium uye imwe mole ye ferrux oxide. Somugumisiro wekubatana kwezvinhu izvi zviviri, tinowana alumina uye simbi isina mahwanda mune imwechete uye maviri ma moles, maererano.

Kushandiswa kwesimbi iri mubvunzo mumhizha

Cherechedza kuti kushandiswa kwealuminium kwakazara. Chokutanga pane zvose, makambani emabhiza anotarisira. Pamwe chete nemagetsi emagetsi, zvinyorwa zvakagadzirwa nesimbi iri kutaurwa zvinoshandiswawo pano. Tinogona kutaura kuti inenge ndege yakawanda ine 50% yakaitwa aluminium alloys, uye injini yayo ne25%. Uyewo, kushandiswa kwealuminium kunoitwa mukugadzira michina nematare nekuda kwehutano hwakanaka hwekutengesa magetsi. Mukuwedzera, iyi simbi uye zvinyorwa zvayo zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumakambani emotokari. Pamusoro pezvinhu izvi pane zvikwata zvemotokari, mabhazi, trolleybuses, mamwe matamisi, pamwe chete nemotokari yemagetsi uye magetsi. Inoshandiswawo kune zviduku zvishoma, semuenzaniso, pakugadzirwa kwepurasitiki yezvokudya nemimwe michina, midziyo. Kuti uite penduru yehutu, upfu hwesimbi huri mubvunzo hunokosha. Iyi pende inodiwa kuitira kuchengetedza simbi kubva kumarara. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti aluminium ndiyo yechipiri inowanzoshandiswa nesimbi mumhizha mushure mevhu. Mishonga yake uye iye pachake inowanzoshandiswa mumakemikari emakemikari. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemakemikari anokosha e-aluminium, kusanganisira kuderedza zvinhu uye amphotericity yemakemikari ayo. Iyo hydroxide yemakemikari chinhu chiri mubvunzo inokosha pakuchenesa mvura. Mukuwedzera, inoshandiswa mukurapa mukugadzirwa kwemishonga. Uyewo inogona kuwanika mune mamwe marudzi epurasitiki nezvimwe zvinhu.

Basa mubasa

Sezvatotaurwa pamusoro apa, aluminium inowanikwa muhuwandu hwenyika. Inonyanya kukosha kune zvisikwa zvipenyu. Aluminium inobatanidzwa mukugadzirisa kwekukura kwezvirongwa, inogadzira hutachiona hunoti, sakaita bone, ligament nezvimwe. Kutenda iyi microelement, nzira dzekugadzirisa mhuka dzinoitwa nokukurumidza. Kushaikwa kwaro kunoratidzirwa nezviratidzo zvinotevera: kukura nekukura kwevana, muvanhu vakuru - kushushikana kusingaperi, kuderera kushanda zvakanaka, kutadza kuwirirana kwemafambiro, kuderera kwemaitiro ekudzoka kwemaviri, kusimba kwemaviri, kunyanya mumakumbo. Chiitiko chakadaro chinogona kubuda kana iwe uchidya zvigadzirwa zvishomanana nezvine zvinyorwa zvishoma.

Zvisinei, chinetso chinowanzoitika ndeye kuwedzera kweumumumuri mumuviri. Mukuwedzera, zviratidzo zvakadai sekutya, kuora mwoyo, kukanganisika kwehope, kukanganwa kwepfungwa, kusagadzikana kwepfungwa, kunyorera kwemasishuloskeletal system inowanzocherechedzwa, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira pakuputika nekuputika kazhinji. Nekuwedzerwa kwenguva refu kwealuminium mumuviri, pane kazhinji zvinetso mukushanda kweinenge nhengo dzose dzesangano.

Kuzviitiko izvi zvinogona kutungamirira zvikonzero zvakawanda. Chokutanga pane zvose, iyo is aluminium cookware. Masayendisiti ave akataridza kwenguva yakareba kuti ndiro dzakagadzirwa kubva pasimbi iri mubvunzo hazvina kukodzera kubika mukati maro, sezvo pahutano hwepamusoro imwe aluminium inorohwa, uye sechigumisiro, iwe unodya zvimwe zvakawanda zvechirevo ichi kupfuura muviri unoda.

Chikonzero chechipiri - kushandiswa nguva dzose kwezvipfeko zvine zvinyorwa zvesimbi kana marashi ayo. Usati washandisa chero chigadzirwa chero chipi zvacho, unofanirwa kuverenga zvakanyatsogadzirwa. Cosmetics haisi iyo yakasiyana.

Chikonzero chechitatu chiri kutora zvinodhaka zvinenge zvakawanda zvealuminium, kwenguva yakareba. Uyewo kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwevhithamini uye zvinowedzera zvokudya, zvinosanganisira iyi microelement.

Iye zvino ngationei michina ipi ine aluminium kuitira kuti itungamirire kudya kwako uye uronga mharidzo yakarurama. Chokutanga pane zvose, iyo karoti, kushandiswa chezi, gorosi, alum, mbatata. Zvezvibereko, avocado uye mapeaches zvinokurudzirwa. Mukuwedzera, machena kabichi, mupunga, miriwo yakawanda yakafuma mualuminium. Uyewo, mitsetse yesimbi iri mubvunzo inogona kuva mumvura yekunwa. Kuti urege kuwedzerwa kana kuderera kwealuminium yomuviri mumuviri (zvisinei, sezvinongoita imwe mikoko), unofanira kunyatsotarisa kudya kwako uye edza kuzviita zvakaringana sezvinobvira.