Kukosha kwehurongwa hwemitsipa hwemuviri. Urongwa hwehutano hwemagetsi

Pamashoko ese omumuviri, nharo ndiyo inonyanya kukosha. Izvo zvinobva pairi basa rakarongedzwa yezvimwe nhengo dzose, maviri nemasero. Kunyanya kukosha kwehutano hwemitsipa yemuviri ndeyekuti pamari yahwo inoshanda semunhu mumwe chete. Mukuwedzera, iyo inodzorawo hutano hwemunhu nechokunze.

Munhu paanoshushikana negadziriro ino anogona kufunga, kuongorora zviitiko. Ukuru hwehutachiona hunonyanya kukosha mumuviri: unotonga zvinhu zvose, kusanganisira kufema, maitiro, hematopoiesis, nzara uye nyota, uye inosungirirwa nezvose zvatinofunga, kusanganisira yakawanda zvikuru. Kuti unzwisise kukosha kwayo kwomuviri wedu, unofanira kuziva (kunyanya pamutambo wekare).

Chii chiri mumutambo wenheyo?

Iyo inoumbwa nehutachiona hwenyama, inosanganisira neurons uye satellite cells (astrocytes). Ngationei muchidimbu chinangwa chavo:

• Iyo neuron ndiyo nhengo huru yemashandi emuviri wekutya. Ndiyo masero aya anokonzera kufunga nekumwe mabasa ose ehurongwa hwose.
• I-satellite cells inoita basa re trophic uye rinotsigira. Parizvino, zvinofungidzirwa kuti vachiri kutamba basa rinokosha mukugadzirisa kwekuyeuka kwenguva refu, kunyange zvazvo pfungwa iyi inoda kujekeswa.

Ticharamba tichitaura nezvekugadzirisa uye zvakakosha zvehurongwa hwemagetsi.

Maitiro e-neuron

Iri kero, iro rinokonzerwa nezvose zvinenge zvichiitika mumuviri, rinoumba muviri nemitemo. Izvo zvakakamurwa kuva mhando mbiri: axons uye dendrites. Yokutanga yavo inobva muchitokisi mune imwe kopi, yakareba. Pane zvinopesana, dendrites akasiyana kwete akakurumbira mukukura, iyo yakawanda kwazvo. Sezvo mutemo, sero rimwe rega rega rinogona kuva nezviverengero. Kubva kune dendrites, mafungiro emagunha anopinda muchitokisi.

Axon inoratidzwa nerefu refu, zvichida kwete branching. Iyo inobuda kunze kwemuviri wesero yeropa. Iyo yakareba iyi inogona kudarika makumi emakumi masendimita masentimita. Pamusoro payo zviratidzo zvinoparidzirwa nemagetsi emhepo, inenge nguva pfupi.

A small digression. Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti zvinoreva, chimiro nekushanda kwehurongwa hwemitsipa hwakaoma zvikuru uye zvakasiyana-siyana izvo masayendisiti achangotanga kufungidzira pamusoro pezvinhu zvakawanda zvinoshanda, pamusoro pezvimwe zvakanyanya kuoma zvinokonzerwa nehupenyu hwehupenyu hunoitika munzvimbo yakadzika yenheyo yenheyo.

Mazai akafukidzwa nehombodo yemafuta-senhengo, iyo inoshanda sevhavharesi. Iko kuunganidza kwezvinhu izvi izvo zvinoumba nyaya chena yemamiriro emagetsi. Muviri we neuron uye dendrites hauna shell. Masumbu ezvinhu izvi anonzi mutsvuku.

Tinoramba tichidzidza chimiro uye zvakakosha zvehurongwa hwemagetsi. Iwe unofanirwa kufungidzira zvakajeka kuti neuroni dzakanyanya kusiyaniswa, hakuna mazamu ese evanhu akadai. Ngatirambei tichitaura pamusoro pekukosha kwenheyo yenheyo. Izvo hurongwa huzhinji hwehutachiona hahukwanisi kufungidzirwa kunyange kana kana munhu asingazivi nezvehutano hwe neuron, iyo inoshanda.

Chii chinonzi neurons?

Usafungidzira kuti neuroni dzose dzakafanana. Pane zvakasiyana, zvakasiyana zvikuru nemafomu uye basa. Inonzwika inopinza mafungiro kubva mumanzwi kusvika kuuropi. Miviri yavo inowanikwa mumakumbo makuru emumuviri wemuviri. Nenzira, iyo inonzi masango makuru eononi kunze kweuropi uye musipinha. Iyo motokari yemarudzi, pane zvinopesana, inopinza mafungiro kubva muuropi kusvika kumisungo uye nhengo dzomukati.

Kuisa neurons kunokonzerwa nekubatana uye kutumirwa kwemashoko pakati pezvinonzwa uye motokisi masero. Nzira dzavo dzakapfupika, dzinotora basa re "zvikamu", usapfuurira mberi kweuropi. Nokudaro, huropi hunowana ruzivo kubva kune masangano ese uye nhengo dzomuviri.

Saka, ngatitaurirei zvinyorwa. Ndeipi iyo inonyanya kukosha yenheyo yenhengo yemuviri? Tinonyora:

• Iyo inogamuchira zviratidzo kubva kumagumo, iyo inogamuchira zvinonhuwira uye kubata.
• MaNeuroni anotsvaga ruzivo rwakagamuchirwa.
• Chirwere chakakodzera chinoparidzirwa kune nhengo yepamusoro (musuru, somuenzaniso).
• Mutumbi unopindura zvakakwana kune chinotyisa chechimiro chekunze.

Mifungiro kubva muuropi uye kwairi inoparadzirwa kwete chete nemakakatanwa eitiro euroni, asiwo nehutano hwakanaka.

Ndeipi mitsetse?

Muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva, tinogara tichinzwa shoko iri, asi nenzira imwe yatisingafungi nezvezvinoreva zvaro zvechokwadi. Asi urongwa hwekutya uye basa raro mumuviri hwakakura zvokuti iwe unofanira kuziva nezvazvo!

Mitsipa inonzi inongova yakafanana yekuunganidza kwemaitiro akawanda emapuranga, ayo akafukidzirwa nemucheka wakadzivirira. Kana iri pasi pe "kukumikidza" iyi ndiyo nzira yemotokari yeurudhi, ipapo mishonga pachayo inonzi motokari. Sezvo mutemo, zvigunwe zvemitsipa zvine zvose dendrites uye axons. Munyaya iyi, inonzi yakasanganiswa. Dzinopesana pakuti dzinokwanisa kutumira pfungwa dzenharo mumativi ose maviri.

Dhipatimendi yemitemo yenherera

Iine madhawi maviri makuru: mukati nekunze. Chikamu chepamusoro chinosanganisira musoro nomutsara wemusana, wakachengetedzwa nemapfupa ehenya uye musana wemupfupa. Saizvozvowo, mhirizhonga dzeropa dzinosanganisira mitsipa uye zvakasiyana-siyana zveeurons.

Chikamu ichocho chemagandanga emagetsi anodzora basa remakumbo emakumbo anonzi somatic. Nokudaro, kukosha kwehutachiona hwemuviri munyaya iyi kunokosha zvikuru: "somatics" inotitendera kuti tifambe maoko edu nemakumbo. Dhipatimendi rinokwanisa kuzvigadzirisa iro rinoita basa remukati. Kushanda kwaro hakuiti kuteerera kuda kwevanhu. Zvichinyatsojeka, iwe hauzivi nzira yekugadzirisa nzira yekugadzirisa, kunonoka kana kukurumidza.

Nokudaro, kukosha kwenheyo yenheyo mukugadzirisa kwemuviri wemabasa kwakanyanya zvikuru: inodzora kunyange iyo nzira iyo vanhu vakawanda vasingatombofungi. Zvechokwadi, kana zvinhu zvose zvakarongeka nemuviri wavo uye zvose zvinoshanda mu "nguva dzose" maitiro.

Mune dhipatimendi pane ma "makuru" e "maumbirwo" makuru: anonzwira tsitsi uye anonyadzisa chirongwa chekutya. Pamwe nhengo dzose dzomukati dzinosungirwa nematombo emisungo chaiyo. Mhedzisiro yemuviri mumatare aya inopesana zvikuru.

Semuenzaniso, tsitsi dzinowedzera kupesana kwemuviri wepamusoro-mutsara, uye parasympathetic inononoka kuderedza izvi, iyo inosungira kugadzirisa. Nokudaro, basa rehutachiona hwehutachiona huri mumuviri hunonyanya kukosha. Anokonzera kufema uye mamwe maitiro anokosha.

Reflex

Uye chii chinorehwa nehutachiona hwehutano muhutano husingaverengeki hwemhuka nemhuka kune humwe hutsinye hwemamiriro ekunze? Zvichitaura zvishoma, basa rakajeka rinoitwa sei?

Sezvazvinozivikanwa, iyo nzira yatinoziva se "reflex arc" ndiyo inokonzera izvi. Iyi ndiyo nzira inoshandiswa nayo nerve inopera panguva apo muviri unopindura nechinangwa chekutsamwa. Inoumbwa nezvikamu zvinotevera: mucherechedzo, iyo nzira yakajeka, imwe chikamu chehurongwa hwemitsipa hunofanirwa kuronga, nzira iyo iyo chiratidzo chiri kuuya nayo, uyewo kubva kuchigamba chebasa.

Izvi ndizvo zvakakosha kukosha kwenheyo yenheyo muhupenyu hwemunhu. Apo chimwe chinhu chinoputsika mukati maro, kune munhu anorwara, chaiyo chaiyo inogona kunge yakasununguka kuwirirana ye shoelaces. Zvinoshamisa kuti vashomanana vanhu vanofunga nezvekukosha kwezvinyama zvinotyisa!

Pazvikamu zve arc reflex

Ngara imwe neimwe inotanga ne-sensitive receptor. Mumwe nomumwe wavo anoona chete rudzi rwemhando yekukurudzira. Vagamuchire vane basa rekushandura migumisiro yechipfuwo chekunze mumiviri. Mhedzisiro inotyisa musana mutema, inotanga matanho anokosha uye kuita basa rakakosha zvakakosha, inongova magetsi chete. Nekubatsirwa kwee-neuron inoshungurudza, mafungiro anopfuurirwa ku-central central nerve system.

Cherechedza kuti anenge ose arlex reflex ane intercalary neurons.

Vakawanda vanodavira kuti kugadzirisa kwakakwana inzira isingazivikanwi, iyo, kana yakagadziriswa, inoramba isina kuchinja zvachose. Asi izvi hazvisi kure. Ichokwadi ndeyekuti chiratidzo chinogamuchirwa kubva kune mukana, chirwere chetsitsi hachibvumi kugamuchira, asi chinotungamirira kuongororwa, kuongorora kubudirira kwezvinoitika. Zvimwe chete, iyi ndiyo nzira iyo vanhu panguva yekurovedza kwavo vanounza zviito zvavo kwete kungofungidzira chete, asi vanozviitawo zvakakwana.

Iye zvino ngatitaurirei nezvekukosha kwehurongwa hwemagetsi mumamiriro ezvinhu ekukurukurirana kwemutsipa wepelinha. Vamwe vanodavira kuti inoshanda chete kutamisa pfungwa kubva kuuropi kusvika kune zvikamu zvakaderera. Chikanganiso chikuru, nokuti basa remuviri uyu rinokosha zvikuru.

Urongwa hwomutsipa wespelinha

Mutsipa wepelinha uri munharaunda yepinini. Zvishoma uye zvakachengetedzwa nemakumbo emumuviri - mapfupa ehenya, uyewo chetenderedhi yacho pachayo. Muganhu we (theoretical (anatomical) pakati pemutsipa wepelinha uye uropi hunopfuura pakati pemafu epipital uye atlas.

Mune vanhu, ine chimiro chechena chena, iyo yakaita mamita anenge masentimita. Nzira yacho pachayo yakazadzwa nedoro, cerebrospinal fluid. Pamusoro penhengo iyo pachayo kune miviri miviri yakadzika yakareba iyo inoparadzanisa muzvikamu zvakarurama uye zvakasara. Kana iwe ukacheka ubongo hwako muhafu, unogona kuona chimiro chakanaka chakafanana nehoflyfly.

Muviri wayo unoumbwa neurons (intercalary uye motokari). Sezvatave tataura kare, chichena chitsvene chinovadzikidza kubva kumativi ose ndechekuita kwenguva refu yeuroni. Ivo, vachipfuura nomutsara wepelinha kumusoro uye pasi, vanomira nzira inokwira uye ichidzika.

Ndezvipi zvinoshandiswa nemutsara wesipinha?

Iine mabasa maviri makuru: mafungiro uye basa romutungamiri nzira. Pamusana pabasa rakajeka, tine simba rekuita zvinhu zvakawanda. Zvose zvinokonzerwa nemasumbu emumuviri (kunze kwemisungo yemusoro) nenzira imwechete yakabatana ne-reflex arcs, iyo inonyatsoenderana nebasa remutsara wemusana.

Mune mamwe mazwi, basa rehutano hwemagetsi mubasa rinokosha rehupenyu rinonyanya kugadziriswa: mukutonga kwebasa rezvikamu uye zvigadziriro, madhipatimendi ayo dzimwe nguva anobatanidzwa, izvo vazhinji vanoyeuka kakawanda.

Hatisi kupfurikidza zvachose! Zvechokwadi, rwonzi rwomukona mukambani ne "mutambi wepamusoro" rwayo rinotonga kururamisa kwebasa rezviitiko zvinoshamisa zvenhengo: chirwere chekudya uye mwoyo, zvinyorwa zvisiri izvo uye nhengo dzokubereka. Pamusana pebhuku chena, kuenderana kunogadziriswa, uye kugadzirisa kwavo kune kunze nekunze kunokonzera zvakakwana nguva pfupi.

Zvinokosha! Usakanganwa kuti rwonzi rwepelinha ruchiri pasi pepamusoro mune zvose. Hazvishamisi kuti munhu abvise zvachose kuwirirana pakati peuropi nemumutsipa wesipfupa sechikonzero chekutambudzika, njodzi kana kurwara. Yokutanga inoshanda zvachose zvakakwana mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Ndizvo zvinenge zvese zvinongororwa, izvo nzvimbo dzayo dziri pasi, dzinopera zvachose.

Vanhu vakadaro vanogona kutambanudza maoko avo, zvishoma nezvishoma vanodzora misoro yavo, asi muviri wose wepasi hauna kusimba uye hauna chero chero hupi hwekunzwa.

Uropi

Iri mucheka. Inoparadzaniswa mumakakatanidzwa anotevera: medulla oblongata, cerebellum, bhulogi, midzi pakati nepakati, uye hemisphere. Sezvakaitika munyaya yapfuura, kune chichena uye grey zvinhu. Chichena chinosungirirana sechikamu cheuropi pachechi, pamwe chete neyo nzvimbo inoputika. Nokuda kweizvi, iyo yose CNS inoshanda seyese yakazara.

Kusiyana nemutsipa wepelinha, pano gorosi inotanga kubuda pamusoro penhengo, ichigadzira bark, cortex.

Iyo medulla oblongata inonyanya kuwedzerwa kwenharaunda yakatarwa, zvakakosha kubatanidza zvikamu izvi zvehutano hwehutano pamwe chete. Anofanirwa kufema, kupera uye mamwe mabasa asingazivikanwi, uye naizvozvo kukanganisa kwake kune ngozi kune upenyu.

Kukosha kweumwe munhu zvikamu

Inonzi cerebellum inodzora motokari inoshanda. Uropi hwepakati hunoita se "chinotenderera" kwevakawanda mazamu e-reflex. Uropi hwehuputi, bhulogi uye huropi hupakati hugadzira rudzi rwehutu, kubatanidza madhipatimendi akasiyana-siyana uye kuita mabasa akawanda. Iyo bark ndiyo inotakura uye inonyanya dhipatimendi. Ndizvo zvatiri kufunga, kufunga, uye kuchengeta zvatiri kuyeuka. Kutambudza kune cortex kwakazara nekurasika kwakakwana kweunhu.

Kakawanda, vanhu vakagara vari mumamiriro ekurasira, kufa, shure kwezviitiko zvakanyanya kutyisa, vakanga vari vapenyu sechikonzero chemwoyo wakasimba uye kubuda kwemapurmari. Ndihwo hupenyu chete, hurumende iyi yakaoma zvikuru. I-neurons ye cortex inokurumidza kukurumidza, mushure mokunge munhu anotendeuka kuva "yemiriwo". Haakwanisi kutaura, haayeuki hupenyu huripo (nezvisizvo zvisingawanzoitiki), haagoni kushanda pachake zvachose.

Ndizvo zvinoshandiswa nehutachiona mumabasa anokosha emuviri.