Upenyu hwehupenyu hwemombe. Chimiro cheketani yehando

Zvirwere zvinetso zvehutano hunokosha munyika dzakawanda. Mhondi dzinopinza vanhu pasi pose. Nyaya dzakawanda pane idzi ndezvenzombe uye yenguruve tsistle. Sezvo vanhu vakuru, minye iyi inorarama mudumbu uye kazhinji haiti kukuvadza kukuru. Asi kana vanhu vaine hutachiwana nemajasti (mushure mutsva), ipapo cysticercosis inogona kukura - chirwere chinogona kutungamirira kukakuvara kwehupi.

Chii chinonzi mishonga?

Chirwere cheshuga mhuka inogara mukati memagariro evanhu uye pamari yayo. Mavairasi ndiwo maduku pane ose anotapukisa, anosvika anenge 100 nanometer (100 mabhiriyoni emamera) murefu. Vane majekiseni mashomanene uye mapuroteni avo ega kuti kuitira kuti vagone kubereka vana, vanoda kupinda mune imwe sero. Mabhakitiriya anowirirana zvakakura muhukuru uye maitiro, asi anowanzove anopfuura kakapetwa ka10 pane mavirusi. Izvo zvipenyu zvisingabatsiri izvo zvakabereka. Multicellular parasites inogona kuva yakakura zvikuru zvokuti inogona kuonekwa neziso rakashama. Tape minye, somuenzaniso, inogona kusvika mamita matanhatu kana kupfuura yakareba. Zvokudya nemvura ndiyo inowanzoshandiswa pakuendesa kwezvipembenene. Sezvo vazhinji vedu tichidya zvokudya zvitatu pazuva uye tinonwa mvura zuva rose, simba rezvinhu izvi rinogara riripo. Mhuka, kufanana nevanhu, dzinogona kutapukirwa nehutachiona. Uye ivo ndivo vanotakura zvipembenene. Nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti kune mamiriyoni 110 imbwa dzomukati uye makati munyika yedu, inopfuura hafu inogona kutapukirwa neyero kana kuti mamwe marudzi emaronda. Zvichipa izvi, ruzivo rwekutsvaga kwezvirwere zvepasipiti kubva kumhuka kune vanhu zvakanyanya kwazvo. Zvipembenene zvinorongedzwa nesangano, mafomu, basa uye kubereka. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvisikwa zviduku, zvipembenene, pinworms nehonye (nematodes), tapeworms (cestodes) uye flukes (trematodes).

Nhoroondo yekuwanikwa

Nyuchi yemukombe inonzi inoratidzika semumwe wevanhu vepakutanga. Kuti tapeworms yakatanga kuonekwa kunenge kuma1900. Zvisinei, hupenyu chaihwo hweketani yehombe hwakaongororwa zvakadzama muna 1863, apo mombe dzaive dzakananga zvakananga semuridzi chaiyo.

Morphology uye bovine tapeworm: photo

Chirwere cheshuga chine mufananidzo wengetani yakareba, yakabatanidzwa, yakaita sedabhoni yakachena. Kureba kwayo kunenge mamita 6 kusvika ku7 mamita. Chirume chikuru, sekutonga, ine zvikamu zve-1000, zvinonzi proglottids. Kusiyana nechelex ne 4 suckers, iyi inhengo isingakuvadzi yeziso renzombe. Imwe neimwe proglottid inosanganisira nhengo dzevarume nevadzimai yekuberekwa, nekubatsirwa mazai anokonzerwa nemambrus, imwe neimwe iyo inosvika 31-43 micrometer. Nguva yekudzivirira inotora mavhiki mashanu kusvika ku12.

Mamiriro ezvinhu ekubudirira kubudirira kwehupenyu hupenyu

Hupenyu hwehupenyu hwemombe hunosanganisira imwe kana kupfuura mamwe masheji. Izvo zvakasiyana nemafungiro ehutano uye hutano hwehutachiona hwevanhu vakuru vanoratidza, kune rumwe rutivi, kukwanisa kwavo kunotyisa kurarama mumatumbo ezvinyorwa, uye kune rimwe, kukwanisa kwavo kubereka vana. Hupenyu hwehutano hwemhou hwakaoma uye huine mamiriro ezvinhu anokosha ekubudirira kupera:

1. MaProglottids akazadzwa namazai anopinda mumhepo kuburikidza nemafuta.

2. Zvikamu izvi "zvine pamuviri" zvinopinda mumuviri wemombe dzichidya miti inotapukirwa, saka inopinda muchikamu chekudya chemukati. Enzymes uye acids, iyo iri mune muviri wemavhu, inoputsa chidziviriro chekudzivirira uye kusunungura kusvika mazana mazana mazai.

3. Mazai anoumba mumapupa anoputika epithelium yemukati uye achifamba nemuviri wemombe. Zvadaro mapuropa anopinda mumisumbu ye muscular, awo oncosphere anozadzwa nemvura, kuumba cysts.

4. Kuzadzisa hupenyu hwakaoma hwehutatu (iyo mifananidzo inoratidza zvakajeka izvi), yakasvibiswa, nyama yenzombe isina kunyorerwa inofanira kudyiwa nemunhu (wekupedzisira tenzi) kuti apinde mumuviri wake. Dumbu remakemikari rinoputsa pasi, iyo mhondi inosunungurwa, uye inosted scolex inokwanisa kubva mu capsule. Zvadaro zvakabatanidzwa kumatumbo mudanda. Mushure mokunge zvipembenene zvinotanga kukura uye mukati memwedzi mitatu zvinogona kusvika mamita mashanu murefu. Panguva ino mukukura, iye atogona kukwanisa kusunungura proglottids kuitira kuti adzokere hupenyu hupenyu hwemombe.

Life Cycle Scheme

Izvo zvakakosha zvechirwere chepasimasi mumutambo wevanhu vakuru zvinowanzotakura uye zvinotangira kubva ku4,5 kusvika mamita 9. Mhonzo yemhonyo yemuviri inogara mumucheche muduku. Munhu ane utachiona anowanzova nemunhu mumwe chete kana vaviri. Kubatanidza kumadziro emimba, tapeworms anoshandisa musoro wavo, unonzi scolex. Izvo zvinokwana 1 000 kusvika 2,000 zvikamu zvemuviri, zvinonzi proglottids, imwe neimwe ine mairi 80,000 kusvika ku100 000 mazai anokwanisa kurarama kwemwedzi kana makore mumusana. Apo mombe dzichidya mhute yakasvibiswa, mazai anopinda nepamuviri mavo omukati achitsvaga masango akasiyana mumasumbu uye anoramba ari mumamiriro e-cyst-full filled cyst iyo inodzivirira capsule kwavari. Kana vanhu vachidya nyama yakakangwa kana yehafu yakabikwa ine cysts, cysts inokura muvanhu vakuru vemu tapeworms mukati memwedzi miviri. Imwe mhuka yakakura yemukombe inogona kurarama makore anopfuura makumi matatu.

Kurongwa

Tape minyeredzi, kusanganisira mhuka dzomukombe (ona chinyorwa murugadziro), ndeyekirasi ye cestodes. Iyi iboka rezvipembenene zvinoputika pasi, izvo zvinosanganisira anenge 5000 mhuka. Tape minyeya inowanika pasi rose uye ine mazamu akaenzana kubva 1 mm kusvika kune mamiriyoni 15. Idzo dziri mukati memahara ezvisikwa zvega-ega zvezvipembenene zvisizvo uye marudzi ese ezvinyorwa, zvinosanganisira vanhu, zvipfuwo zvemhuka. Mimwe minye inoparadzaniswa zvakasiyana, imwe inoda imwechete kana yakawanda mukati mehupenyu mukati mehupenyu hwavo. Chimiro cheketani yehando, kufanana nemamwe mabhakorom, inotenderera kuwirirana kwezvinhu (i.e., mitsipa yakarurama uye yakasara yakafanana). Zvimwe zvinosanganisira imwe chikamu chakareba, vamwe vane musoro wakakurumbira, unotevedzwa nezvikamu zvezvikamu zvakafanana, zvinonzi proglottids.

Mutumbi weketani

Mutumbi wechipfuva chinomiririrwa mufananidzo we tepi, yakabatanidzwa kubva kumusoro kumusoro uye pamwe chete (yakasiyana-siyana). Iyo inoratidzwa nokuvapo kwemashizha matatu emumibryonic (ectoderm, mesoderm uye endoderm), maitiro ekufema uye kupararira haasati akura. Muviri wakafukidzwa nesimba rakaoma uye panguva imwechete yakagadziriswa, panewo maitiro ehutano nehutano hwemapfupa, asi kune hutano hwehutano hwepasi. Kunyangwe tapeworms makuru inosanganisira zvizere zvekuvaka zvivakidzani nediki "musoro" wekubatanidza. Vanhu vakura vanowanzova nemuviri wakadaro. Izvozvo zvinosanganisira scolex, chiremera uye nhamba huru ye proglottids, iyo dzimwe nguva inonzi zvikamu. Mutsipa weketani iyi inotsanangurwa zvakajeka, shoma, yakamanikana uye isina-chikamu seri kwe scolex. Inoumbwa nehuwandu husingafadzwi hwemasero. Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo yekukura nekuwedzerwa kwenzvimbo iyo, sezvo iri pano kuti zvitsva zvitsva zvinoumbwa. Chimiro chengetani yemombe chinosanganisira marin'i emagetsi uye kuguma kwemagetsi anowedzera kune urefu hwose hwemuviri. Kutanga-kudyiwa mumakumbo maduku kudya ndicho chikuru chekudya kweketani. Izvo zvose nzvimbo yepasitini yakanyanya kuwedzera nekuda kwekuvapo kwe microvilli.

Kubereka

Kungofanana nedzimwewo, hupenyu hwehutani hwehandi huine basa guru rekuenderera mberi kwaro. Tape minyeyi inonzi hermaphrodites, sezvo ine mhando dzevarume nevakadzi dzedhengo dzepabonde mune imwe nhengo, uye kushambiswa kwevanhu kunotanga kuuya, naizvozvo chikamu chepakati chevakura chinokwidzika chinoumba bedzi chemhengo dzomukomana. Nokudaro, ihurukuro inoberekwa inobereka iyo inobereka mazai kana nega-fertilization kana kuti-cross-fertilization nezvimwe zvinokurudzirwa proglottids. Mushure meizvozvo, musasa kubva kune mumwe muviri wose unoitika. Ichi chinoshamisa chinoshandisa kukonzera urefu hwezvirwere. Iyo inosimudzirwa mucheche inouya nemubhedha wemuiti.

Zviratidzo, zviratidzo uye kuongororwa kwehutachiona

Kuvharirwa neketani yehando kunoperekedzwa chete nezviratidzo zvinyoro, zvinosanganisira kurara, kubatwa, flatulence, kurwadziwa kwepamuviri uye kurasikirwa. Vanachiremba vanoona sei uye vanorapa utachiona? Mazai uye proglottids zvinogona kuonekwa mune zvidzoro zvidzidzo panguva yekuongorora microscopic. Kuti unyatsoronga kuti tapeworm iyi mhou kana kuti porcine, zvakakosha kubvisa uye kudzidza ma scolexes avo. Izvi hazviwanzoitike, sezvo vanachiremba vanowanzopa mishonga imwechete yemhando dzose dzehutachiona. Larvae ye helminths mumakristi emasukisi mapundu anogona kuonekwa achishandisa nzira ye radiography, uyewo computed tomography (cysts yeuropi). Kudzora kunoitwawo pamwedzi 3 ne6 mushure mekurapa kuchengetedza kuti utachiona hwaenda zvachose.

Bovine tapeworm inokonzera shadowiarinosis

Iyo mhou yemapopu yeboka re tapoporms ndiyo muenzaniso wakakura zvikuru unokonzera utachiona hunonzi shadowarhynchosis. Akava nezita rake nokuti anoshandisa mhou semapoka ekupakati. Vanhu ndivo chete vanotakura zvinhu. Chirwere ichi chinowanzosvibiswa. Mumamiriro akaoma, dzimwe nguva zvinogona kukonzera kuvhiringidza kwezvinyorwa uye bile ducts. Utachiona hunogonawo kukanganisa maitiro ezvirwere zvezvirwere. Kunyanya kukanganiswa kwakanyanya kwemigumisiro yehutachiona inogona kuva nehutano hwevana vaduku. Teniarinhoz inowanikwa kwose kwose uye haina kufanana muAfrica, Eastern Europe, Latin America uye Philippines.

Kurapa

Kurapa kunowanzoitwa nemishonga inokosha. Izvi ndizvo, sekutonga, "Fenasal", "Prazikvantel", "Nichlosamide." Endoscopic kurapwa ndiko kuiswa kwechirwere zvakananga mumukati muduku. Izvi zvinokonzera chirwere chepasipiti kuti chibude zvakakwana.

Kudzivirira

Tape minyenga inogona kukonzera zvirwere zvemukati uye zvimwe zvirwere zvakanyanya. Kufuridzirwa nesimbi kunogona kudziviswa nekunyatsogadzirisa nyama, izvi zvinoshanda sechivimbo chokuti chero majee emaketani anoparadzwa. Zvimwewo, unogona kufungidza nyama uye kuibata pane ushamwari hwezasi -5 ° C kwemazuva mazhinji. Kudzivirirwa kwehutachiona hwemombe uyewo zvokudya kune dzimwe nzvimbo umo zvinomera hazvigoni kusvibiswa nemafuta evanhu. Nzira yakatendeka yekudzivirira kupararira kwekugara ndiko kuonekwa kwehutachiwana hwehutachiwana. Zvakakoshawo kutevera mitemo yehutsanana uye kuchengetedza utsanana, izvo zvinosanganisira kushamba maoko nguva dzose, kunyanya mushure mokuenda kuchimbudzi. Kusvibiswa kwakakwana ndiyo chinhu chinokosha pakupedza utachiona hwepasi rose.