Nhoroondo pfupi yekugadzirwa kwemhuka. Zvikamu zvakakosha mukukudziridzwa kwemhuka

Vanhu vave vachifarira zvipenyu izvo zvakavapoteredza kubvira kare. Kuzvidzidza kwakabatsirwa nesayenzi yakadai semhuka. Zvakaitika sei uye panguva ipi yekufambisa ikozvino?

Zivo yekare

Nhoroondo yekugadzirwa kwesayenzi "zoology" inodzokera kumashure ekare. Kare kare nguva yedu vanhu vakakwanisa kuunganidza huwandu huno ruzivo rwebasa iro mhuka dzinogona kutamba, kuti dzakarongeka uye dzakabatana sei. Kutanga kwesayenzi kunogona kuverengwa basa raAristotle, wekare muGiriki muzivi uye musayendisiti. Akanyora mabasa On Parts of Animals uye mamwe mabasa pamusoro penyaya uye mhuka yezvisikwa, paakatsanangura 452 marudzi. Iye anewo zvakakosha zvakawanikwa pamusoro pehupenyu hwezvinhu zvipenyu. Mumwe musayendisiti akakurumbira aiva Pliny Mukuru, uyo akasika mazita akawanda e "Natural History". Mune bhuku iri akapa tsanangudzo yemhuka dzose dzinozivikanwa panguva iyoyo kuvanhu. Ichi chaive chirairo chakanakisisa, iyo iyo inogona kushandiswa nesayenzi yezvinyorwa.

Middle Middle and Renaissance

Munguva dzenguva dzenyika, Europe yakange isina kubatana, uye chitendero chakakonzerwa nevanhu, izvo zvakakanganisa kufambiswa kwesayenzi ipi zvayo. Nokudaro, nhoroondo pfupi yekugadzirwa kwezvinyorwa zvinorondedzera nguva iyi sechinguvana chekugara kwakakwana. Hapana zvitsva zvakawanikwa uye mabasa anokosha akanyorwa, anenge asina munhu akadzidza mhuka. Mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja zvikuru panguva yeRenthrough. Kunyora zvikamu zvikuru mukugadzirwa kwezvinyorwa, hatikwanisi kutaura nguva iyo vafambi vakakurumbira vakadai saMagellan, Columbus naMarco Polo vakabvumira masayendisiti kuwedzera ruzivo kuburikidza nekuunza ruzivo pamusoro pezvisikwa kubva kumakondinendi kure kure zvisingazivikanwi kuEurope. Kuvandudzwa kwaiva nguva yekuunganidza ruzivo, izvo zvaida kushandiswa kwekuwedzera.

Nguva ye heyday

Nguva inotevera iyo sayenzi yezvinyorwa zvakapfuura ndiyo nguva yekugadzirisa ruzivo rwakavapo pamusoro pemhuka dzezvikamu zvakasiyana zvenyika. Iye akakurumbira munyaya iyi ndiye weSwitzerland scientist Hesper, uyo akanyora encyclopedia yakawanda "Animal History."

Muzana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe microscope yakagadzirwa. Nhoroondo pfupi yekugadzirwa kwezvinyorwa zvinoratidzira nguva ino seimwe yezvinonyanya kukosha. Masayendisiti akakwanisa kuwana nyika itsva yezvisikwa zvidiki zvikuru, pamwe nekudzidza zvakanakisisa zvivako zvenhengo dzakawanda. Mundima iyi, Dutch Dutchistist Levenguk, uyo akasika mabhuku mana "Zvinyorwa Zvezvakasikwa, Zvakawanikwa ne Microscope", zvinomira pachena. Ndiye iye akawana kuvepo kwevanyengeri, akadzidza masero matsvuku eropa uye mishonga yemasumbu yemhuka. Imwe nyanzvi yezvemazuva iwayo yakange iri muItaly Malyshgi, uyo akarondedzera hurongwa hwekufamba-shanduka uye capillaries yezvinyorwa, akadzidza zvakakwana nhengo dzepamusoro uye nheyo dzemhando dzakasiyana-siyana.

Emergence of new industries

Nhoroondo shomanana yekugadzirwa kwezvinyorwa zvese hazvichazadziki pasina tsanangudzo yenguva yakave iyo kutanga kwemazana mazhinji emazuva ano masayenzi. Kusvikira muzana remakore gumi nemasere, zvikamu zvakadaro semhuka yemitambo uye paleontology, zvine chokuita nekudzidza kwezvinyorwa, zvakasimuka. Kubudirira kunoshamisa kwakaitika mundima yehutano, apo masayendisiti akashanda Servet naGarvey, vakatsanangurwa zvakadzama kubuda kwemhepo. Cuvier yakagadzira mutemo unokosha wekugadzirisa, izvo zvakatsanangura ukama hwemukati nhengo nemigumisiro yekutungamira kune mumwe wavo mumamiriro ezvinhu evamwe vose. Mabasa ake anokosha ndeokuti "Umambo hweMhuka" uye "Iconography yeMhuka yeMhuka." Izvozvo zvakasanganisira matafura 450 nemifananidzo 6 200, iyo inoshandiswa mumabhuku ekudzidzisa kunyange ikozvino. Rimwe bhuku rinokosha nderokuti "Kukurukurirana pamusoro pematambudziko ari pamusoro penyika uye nezvekuchinja kwavakaita." Iri basa rakarondedzera dzidziso yekuparadzirwa kwemafoshoro pamusoro pezvikamu zvepasi.

Zvakawanikwa naDarwin

Nguva inotevera, iyo inosanganisira kukura kwenguva pfupi yezvinyorwa, ndiyo nguva yekudzidza kushanduka kwezvinyorwa uye kugutsikana kwayo sechikonzero chese science. Vanhu vakava nehanya nemafungiro ekufambira mberi zvishoma nezvishoma kwehupenyu hwemhuka kubva pamhando dzakadzika dzezvinhu kusvika kune dzakaoma. Kubudirira kweiyi pfungwa yakabatanidzwa kwete chete nekuwanikwa kwaDarwin, asiwo nemabasa aSchwapn naSchleidep, izvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuumba pfungwa yehubatanidzwa hwemhuka uye yezvirimwa. Mumwe musayendisiti akakurumbira aiva Lamarck. Akaita shanduro yakarongedzwa naLinnaeus, uye akanyatsodzidza nyika yevasingaverengeki. Basa "Philosophy of Zoology", iro rakabudiswa muna 1809, rakava rimwe remakakosha zvikuru mubasa rake - mairi scientists akatsanidza maonero ezvinyorwa zvekuti mhuka nguva dzose dzinoramba dzisingashanduki, uye akanyatsotsanangura dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka, umo zvipenyu zvinoshandurwa pasi pesimba rekunze uye Internal processes. Timiryazev akafunga kuti iyi nheyo ndeimwe yepamusoro-soro, saka inogona kuve yakachengetedzwa mukati mezvinyorwa zvinokosha izvo zvinoumba matanho makuru mukusimudzirwa kwemhuka.

Nguva yemazuva ano

Nhoroondo pfupi yekugadzirwa kwemhuka inopera mumakore makumi maviri nemakumi maviri nekutanga. Iyi ndiyo nguva yekubuda kwemichina itsva yekudzidza nyaya, kuwanikwa kwenyika uye branching yakasimba yesayenzi. Kubudirira kwezvinyorwa zvinowirirana zvakananga nekukura kwekurima uye zvipfuwo, kushamba uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakadaro. Mukuwedzera, kufarira kuchengetedza hutano hwevanhu hunovhiringidzwa. Panguva ino, vanhu vane pfuma yakawanda yezvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa zvinyorwa. Nzira yekuwedzerwa kwekuwedzerwa kwedhina inowedzera kuburikidza nekugadzira zvigadziriro zvakanyatsogadziriswa zvehupenyu zvinotumirwa kunzvimbo dziri kure dzenyika. Izvo zvisinganyanyi kukosha basa iro re molecular uye genetic level, pamwe nemabasa anodzidza mhuka dzenyika zvichibva pakusachengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza uye hutano. Zvinetso zvekudya nyama, kuedza nekugadzirisa nekugadziriswa kwemaketani eDNA, pamwe nekurimwa kwemarudzi ezvokurima izvo zvinotungamirira kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, zvinonyanya kunetseka kuvasayendisiti pakutanga. Naizvozvo, tarisiro yekufambira mberi mberi inofanira kuenzaniswa zvakananga kune nyaya idzi, izvo zvisingatongorasikirwi nehutano hwezvesayenzi uye mumakumi emakore mashomanana anotevera.