Mazuva ano maitiro evanhu

Nyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika sesayenzi yakatanga kukura muzana remakore rechi19 nekuda kwemabasa emuScientist weFrance Auguste Comte. Muvambi wezvematongerwo enyika, O. Comte, akatanga kutaura chido chekuumba sayenzi pamusoro pevanhu. Ndiye iye akatanga nheyo ye positivist.

Matanho ekusimudzirwa kwevanhu

   Zvinetso zvakabatana nehutano hwevanhu, vakafunga kuti Plato naAristotle muGreece yekare, T. Moore, F. Bacon naMacavavel muRenaissance, T. Hobbes, J. Locke, J. Russo, Montesquieu munguva dzemazuva ano.

Muzana remakore rechi19, hutano hwevanhu hwakatanga kukura. Kune mabasa naG. Spencer, O. Comte, K. Marx, F. Engels. Nguva ino inogona kutumidzwa kuti danho rokutanga mukukudziridzwa kwemasayenzi evanhu (1840-1880 gg.).

Chikamu chechipiri (1890-1920) chekushanduka kwesayenzi yevanhu chakanga chakabatanidzwa nekukudziridzwa kwemaitiro ekugadzirisa zvekugarisana kwevanhu uye kukurudzirwa kwezvimwe zvikamu zvezvikamu. Chirevo che positivist chaG. Spencer naO. Comte chakaramba chichikura mumabasa eScientist weEurope E. Durkheim, munyori wechitendero kubva pane kuongorora kushanda kwemasangano evanhu. Panenge panguva ino, chikoro chesayenzi chaMe Weber, muvambi we "kunzwisisa" hutsika dzevanhu, iyo, mumaonero ake, inofanira kunzwisisa manamatiro evanhu uye edza kutsanangura kuwedzera kwayo uye migumisiro inotanga kuumbwa.

Nharaunda yechitatu (kubva muna 1920 kusvika muna 1960) inozivikanwa nekutanga kwekushanda kwekushanda kwezvematongerwe enyika muUnited States, uye iyo inonyanya kukosha. Izvo zvinonyanya kukosha panguva iyi yaiva dzidziso yeT. Parsons, iyo yakabvumira kusimudzira sangano sechimiro chekushanda kwemasimba. C. Mills akaumba izvo zvinonzi "hutsva hwemagariro evanhu", izvo zvakapa kukurudzirwa kwezvematongerwo enyika emabasa uye kunotsoropodza.

Chikamu chechina pakubudirira kwesayenzi, iyo yakatanga muma1960, inomiririrwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, mazano, vazhinji vevanyori: nyanzvi yeR. Merton, Garfinkel's ethnomethodology, G. Mead uye G. Blumer nheyo yekubatana kwekufananidzira, Vamwe.

Mazuva ano maitiro evanhu

A. Radcliffe-Brown ndiye aiva wokutanga kushandisa sarudzo-kushanda kwekudzidza kune chikwata chevanhu. Akaona sangano sechimiro chezvinhu zvesimba izvo zvine mamiriro ese ezvinhu zvakakosha zvekuvapo, nekuda kweizvi, chaizvoizvo, masangano evanhu anowanzobuda . B. Malinowski akajekesa pfungwa yekushanda uye akashandisa nzira yehutano hwekudzidza tsika. T. Parsons inonzi inotanga nheyo ye-system-functional concept. Yakagadziridzwa mberi naR. R. Merton, uyo akajekesa pfungwa yepakati-yepamusoro mazano.

Mazuva ano maitiro evanhu anowanzobatanidza nheyo yekubatana kwekufananidzira, yakagadzirwa naJG Mead naColey. Unhu, sezvakaitwa naCooley, ndicho chikonzero chekutaurirana. Munhu anova munhu kuburikidza nekukurukurirana (kutaurirana) pakati pevanhu. JH Mead akarayira pfungwa yokuti munhu, pamwe chete nehutano hwevanhu, inofanira kuumbwa nekubatsira kwezviratidzo zvakagadzirwa nevanhu pachavo mukugadzirisa kwavo hukama.

Mazuva ano maitiro evanhu haagoni kufungidzirwa nhasi kunze kwechiitiko chezvematongerwo enyika aA. Schütz, uyo anoti izvo zviitiko zviripo zvakananga mukuziva uye hazvibatanidzi nemashoko ekufunga. P. Berger naT. Lukman vakazozivikanwa nebasa ravo pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwevanhu kwechokwadi. Maererano naP. Berger naT. Lukman, sangano rinogona kuve pamwe chete sechinangwa uye chechokwadi.

Vatungamiri vatungamiri veNeo-Marxism vaiva T. Adorno, G. Marcuse, J. Habermas, E. Kubva. Nzira huru yemitemo yeNeo-Marxists: kuomerera kumunhu, kukanganisa kwechipo nekupatsanurana kwezvakanaka uye chokwadi, kusunungurwa kwemunhu kubva kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana ekushandiswa.

P. Bourdieu, iye akatanga nheyo dzekuvaka, akaedza kudzivisa kupikisana pakati pezvinyorwa uye zvemagariro evanhu.

Iyi ndiyo nyanzvi dzemazuva ano dzezvematongerwo enyika.