Chirongwa chehupenyu. Basa rezvinhu zvipenyu muhupenyu hwehupenyu

Mune pepa rino, tinokurudzira kuti iwe uone kuti chinangwa chei. Ndeapi mabasa ayo uye kukosha kwezvinhu zvipenyu zvepasi redu. Tichazopa zvakare kutarisa kune dambudziko rekushandisa kwesimba rekushandisa kwayo.

Ndezvipi zvakare zvaunoda kuzivei tisati tafunga nezvehupenyu hwenyika ndeyokuti pasi redu rine mapofu matatu:

• Lithosphere (rakaoma shell, zvinyararire kutaura, iyi ndiyo nyika yatinofamba nayo);
• Hydrosphere (apo iwe unogona kusanganisira mvura yose, kureva, gungwa, nzizi, makungwa, etc.);
• Atmosphere (gaseous envelope, mhepo yatinofema).

Pakati pezvikamu zvose kune miganhu yakajeka, asi inogona kupinda mukati mega pasina chinetso.

Tsvina yezvinhu

Zvose izvi zvikamu zvinosanganisira biosphere. Ndezvipi zvakasikwa? Izvi ndezvokuti zvinhu zvinofamba-famba mukati mese biosphere, iri mumunda, mhepo, mune zvisikwa zvipenyu. Ichi ndicho kupararira kusingaperi uye kunonzi "biological cycle". Zvakakosha kuziva kuti zvinhu zvose zvinotanga uye zvinopera mumiti.

Pasi pemhepo yezvinhu zvinhu zvinenge zvakaoma kunzwisisa. Chero zvinhu zvose kubva kune ivhu uye mhepo inopinda mumiti, ndokupinda mune zvimwe zvipenyu. Zvadaro mumitumbi yave yakabatanidzwa, inotanga kushingaira kusimbisa mamwe maitiro akaoma, mushure mekupedzisira ayo anosarudzwa kunze. Tinogona kutaura kuti iyi ndiyo nzira iyo hukama hwezvinhu zvose panyika yedu huratidzwa. Masangano anobatana nemumwe nemumwe, saka chete tiripo kusvikira nhasi.

Mhepo yakanga isiri nguva dzose sezvatinoziva nayo. Pakutanga, air air shell yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru neyozvino, iyo yakazara ne carbon dioxide uye ammonia. Saka, zvino vanhu vakaita sei avo vanoshandisa oksijeni yekufema? Tinofanira kuonga mbeu dzakasvibirira dzakakwanisa kuunza hupenyu hwemhepo yedu kumunhu akanaka. Mhepo nemiti zvinoshandiswa nemaharabivores, zvinopindawo mumenyu yezvikara. Apo mhuka dzichifa, marara avo anogadzirwa nema microorganisms. Iyi ndiyo iyo humus inowanikwa, iyo inobatsira pakukura kwezvirimwa. Sezvaunogona kuona, denderedzwa yakavharwa.

Power source

Chinhu chinokonzerwa nehupenyu hachibviri pasina simba. Chii kana kuti ndiani ane simba rekugadzirisa shanduko iyi? Ichokwadi, mativi edu ekushisa nesimba ndiyo nyeredzi yeZuva. Hupenyu hwehupenyu hahugoneki kunze kwekuti isu tinopisa nekupisa uye chiedza. Zuva rinopisa:

• Air;
• Soil;
• Vegetation.

Munguva yekupisa, kubuda kwemvura kunowanzoitika, iyo inotanga kuunganidzirwa mumhepo mumamiriro ezvinhu emakore. Mvura yose ichazopedzisira ichidzokera kumativi eNyika nenzira yemvura kana chando. Mushure mokunge adzoka anokonzera ivhu, uye midzi yemiti yakasiyana-siyana inomwa maari. Kana mvura yakapinda mukati-kati, inowedzera mvura yepasi, uye imwe chikamu uye inodzokera kunzizi, makungwa, makungwa nemakungwa.

Sezvaunoziva, patinenge tichifema, tinotora oksijeni, uye tinobudisa carbon dioxide. Saka, simba rezuva rinodikanwa nemiti uye kuitira kuti ushandise carbon dioxide uye kudzokera kumhepo yakakisi oksijeni. Izvi zvinonzi photosynthesis.

Zvinyorwa zvezvipenyu zvinowanikwa

Tinotanga chikamu ichi nemutauro we "biological process". Icho chinhu chakadzokorora. Tinogona kuchengetedza maitiro ezvinyorwa, izvo zvinosanganisira zvirongwa zvehupenyu izvo zvinogara zvichidzokororwa pane dzimwe nguva.

Zviratidzo zvehupenyu zvinogona kuonekwa kwose kwose, ndezvezvisikwa mune zvipenyu zvose zvinorarama panyika. Ichowo chikamu chezvikamu zvose zvesangano. Icho chikati, mukati memusero, uye mu biosphere, tinogona kuona izvi. Tinokwanisa kusiyanisa mhando dzakasiyana-siyana (maitiro) ezvehupenyu:

• Intra-day;
• Zvipo zvezuva nezuva;
• Seasonal;
• Gore;
• Perennial;
• Mazana emakore-akwegura.

Zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndezvakaitwa gore negore. Tinozvichengeta nguva dzose uye kwose kwose, zvinongova zvakakodzera kufungisisa zvishoma nezvemubvunzo uyu.

Mvura

Iye zvino tinokurudzira kuti iwe unofunge nezvehupenyu hwehupenyu muzvisikwa uchishandisa muenzaniso wemvura, iyo inowanikwa kakawanda yepasi redu. Iine mikana yakawanda iyo inobvumira kuti inopindira mumatambudziko akawanda mukati memuviri uye kunze kwayo. Upenyu hwezvinhu zvose zvipenyu hunoenderana nekufamba kweH ₂ O mune zvisikwa. Pasina mvura, hatidi, uye nyika ichaita serenje risina upenyu. Iko kukwanisa kutora chikamu mumatambudziko ose anokosha. Izvi zvinoreva kuti tinogona kutora mhedziso inotevera: zvipenyu zvose zvePasi zvinongoda mvura yakachena.

Asi mvura inogara yakasvibiswa semagumisiro emhando ipi zvayo. Saka tingaita sei kuti tive nechokwadi chekugovera kusingaperi kwemvura yakachena yekunwa? Zvinhu zvakashungurudzika pamusoro peizvi, tinofanira kuonga nekuda kwehupenyu huno hupenyu hwemhuka. Takatofunga kuti izvi zvose zvinoitika sei. Mvura inoputika, inounganidza mumakore uye inonaya (mvura kana chando). Izvi zvinowanzoti "hydrological cycle". Izvo zvinovakirwa pamatanho mana:

• Evaporation;
• Condensation;
• Precipitation;
• Mvura inoyerera.

Iko kune marudzi maviri emvura inotenderera: huru uye duku.

Carbon

Iye zvino tava kutarisa hupenyu hwehupenyu hwekakisi mumasikirwo. Zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti inongova 16 chete maererano nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwezvinhu. Zvinogona kuitika nenzira yeadhamondi uye graphite. Uye chiyero chayo mumarasha chinopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana. Carbon kunyange inoumba chikamu chemhepo, asi zvayo zvine zviduku zvikuru, zvinenge 0.05 muzana.

Mune biosphere, nokuda kwekoni, huwandu hwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzehupenyu hwakasikwa hunodiwa kune hupenyu hwose panyika yedu. Funga nezvekuita kwe-photosynthesis: michero inotora carbon dioxide kubva mumhepo uye inoitora, sechikonzero chekuti tive nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzehupenyu.

Phosphorus

Kukosha kwehupenyu hwehupenyu hwakawanda zvakakwana. Kunyange kana tikatora phosphorus, inenge yakawanda mumapfupa, zvinodikanwa kumiti. Icho chikuru chinonzi apatite. Inogona kuwanika mugweous rock. Zvisikwa zvipenyu zvinogona kuzvibvisa kubva:

• Soil;
• Water resources.

Inenge iri mumuviri womunhu, iyo ndiyo chikamu che:

• Proteins;
• Nucleic acid;
• Bone tissue;
• Lecithins;
• Hove uye nezvimwewo.

Iko phosphorus iyo inofanirwa kuunganidza simba mumuviri. Kana muviri wafa, unodzokera kune ivhu kana kugungwa. Izvi zvinokurudzira kugadzirwa kwematombo ane phosphorus. Izvi zvakakosha zvikuru muhupenyu hwehupenyu.

Nitrogen

Iye zvino tava kutarisa mhepo ye nitrogen. Tisati tasvika, tinocherechedza kuti inenge 80 muzana yehuwandu hwemhepo. Kubvumirana, chiyero ichi chinoshamisa. Mukuwedzera pakuva chikonzero chekuumbwa kwemhepo, nitrogen inowanika muzvirimwa nemhuka. Tinogona kuzviwana muhupenyu hweprotini.

Kana iri iyo nitrogen cycle, tinogona kutaura izvi: nitrate inoumbwa kubva mumhepo ine nitrogen, iyo inogadzirwa nemiti. Nzira yekusika nitrate inowanzonzi chirongwa che nitrogen. Apo chirimwa ichifa nekuora, nitrogen iri mukati maro inowira kune ivhu nenzira yeammonia. Iyo yekupedzisira inoshandiswa (yakasvibiswa) nemafuta anogara mudenga, saka nitric acid inooneka. Inokwanisa kugadzikana ne carbonates, iyo yakazara neguru. Mukuwedzera, inofanirawo kutaurwa kuti nitrogen inosunungurwa mumhando yakachena semugumisiro wezvirimwa zvinosvibira kana mukushandiswa kwekupisa.

Sulfur

Kufanana nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda, sulfuri yepurogiramu yakabatana zvikuru nezvisikwa zvipenyu. Sulfure inopinda mumhepo semugumisiro wekuputika kwemakomo. Sulphide sulfuri inogona kushandiswa nema microorganisms, saka sulfati inowanikwa pachiedza. Izvozvo zvinoshandiswa nemiti, sulfurati chikamu chemafuta anokosha. Kana iri yemhuka, tinogona kusangana nesulfure mu:

• Amino acids;
• MaProteins.